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Question

（1）从行为、认知和情绪三个方面对硕士研究生拖延行为概念的界定：未在预定期限开始或完成自知应该去做的事情，既表现为尽管预见到消极后果，依然将事情推迟到最后期限或不能完成任务的低效行为，也包含非理性信念和将推迟行为合理化的思维过程，并伴有焦虑、痛苦、内疚、后悔等消极情绪体验，不同于基于事情轻重缓急的时间统筹。硕士研究生拖延行为发生的领域有：学业拖延、日常生活拖延和推迟做决定。
（2）引起硕士研究生拖延行为的原因有：过往经验，内部因素和外部因素。其中过往经验包括早期完美形象、家庭影响、习惯与强化。内部因素包括：情绪、动机与性格、时间管理能力、自我控制能力。外部因素包括：任务性质和环境原因。三个因素既可以单独引起拖延行为，也可以通过相互作用导致拖延行为，一个因素为导火索引发其他因素的作用。其中过往经验在形成早期拖延模板的同时，导致的害怕失败，害怕成功，完美主义的性格和动机是内部因素的组成部分，内部因素在一定程度上也是过往经验的前因。过往经验和内部因素使个体具有拖延的易感性，当遇到与自己能力兴趣不匹配的任务和外界环境干扰时，个体为躲避不良情绪的困扰将注意力转向其他事情，用拖延任务完成的方式保护自尊。拖延行为的产生与个体关于应该完成任务的认知不相符，个体采用合理化的方法避免认知失调带来的痛苦，拖延行为得到维持和加强，个体陷入拖延怪圈。
（3）硕士研究生拖延行为产生行为、情绪、认知三方面的结果，这方面的结果都有正反两个朝向，个体一方面为未达标的任务结果痛苦不自信，另一方面又享受短时高效的任务结果带来的巅峰体验和高自尊。一定程度上，拖延行为的结果也是新的拖延行为产生的原因。
（4）大多数硕士研究生拖延者对于自身拖延行为不接纳，试图采取了相关的改变措施，由于内外因素的影响，所采取的应对措施较难持久有效。
（5）硕士研究生拖延行为的表现、原因、结果和应对策略是相互联系相互作用的四部分，拖延行为的原因产生拖延行为，拖延行为的结果在一定程度上是新拖延行为的原因，要改变拖延行为必须采取行之有效的应对策略。
（6）根据拖延行为的原因，将硕士研究生的拖延行为分为任务导向型拖延、环境导向型拖延、自尊导向型拖延和习惯导向型拖延四种类型，这样划分有助于从硕士研究生了解自身拖延行为的主要原因并为改善拖延行为提供切入点。
（7）本文在分析硕士研究生拖延行为的表现、原因和采取的应对策略的基础上，从改变消极思维方式，缓解压力情绪和采取积极主动的行为三个方面提出了改善硕士研究生拖延行为的建议。

Answer 1

(1) from the behavioral, cognitive and emotional three aspects of postgraduate procrastination behavior concept: not at a predetermined period to start or finish it should do, as though the anticipated negative consequences, still will work until the deadline or not complete the task of inefficient behavior, also contains irrational faith and will defer behavior rational thinking process, accompanied by anxiety, pain, guilt, regret, negative emotion, differ from those based on the order of priority of temporal co-ordination. Postgraduate procrastination behavior occurred in the field are: academic procrastination procrastination, daily life and delaying making the decision.

(2) caused by postgraduate procrastination behavior reasons: past experience, internal factors and external factors. The past experience includes early perfect image, family influence, habits and strengthen. Internal factors include: emotion, motivation and personality, time management skills, ability of self control. External factors include: the nature of the task and environmental reasons. Three factors can be caused by delay behavior, can also pass the interaction leads to procrastination, a factor to fuse the role of other factors. The past experience in the early formation of delay template at the same time, led to the fear of failure, fear of success, perfectionist personality and motivation is the internal factors of the components, internal factors in a certain extent and past experience. Past experience and internal factors to individual susceptibility with delay, when encountered with their ability to interest not matching task and external environmental interference, individual to avoid adverse emotions will shift their attention to other things, delay was used to complete the task of protecting self-esteem. Delay the emergence and the individual on should complete the task of cognitive do not match, the individual to adopt rational methods of avoiding cognitive dissonance caused pain, procrastination is to maintain and strengthen, individual in delay cycle.

(3) Postgraduate procrastination behavior, emotion, cognition from three aspects of the results, the results of which there are two positive and negative direction, individual hand for substandard task results the pain without self-confidence, another enjoy short and efficient task the peak experience and high self-esteem. To some extent, procrastination is the result of new delay behavior causes.

(4) the majority of graduate students for their delay delay behavior does not accept, trying to take the relevant measure of change, because of the internal and external factors, to take measures to deal with the difficult long-term and effective.

(5) Postgraduate delay behavior, reason, result and the coping strategies are interrelated and interacted part four, procrastination procrastination procrastination causes, results in some degree is the new delay behavior reasons, to change the procrastination behavior must take effective coping strategies.

(6) according to the delay cause of action, will graduate delay behavior is divided into task oriented environment oriented delay, delay, delay and habit of self-esteem oriented oriented delay four types, this division helps from graduate students understand their own procrastination behavior is the main cause of and for the improvement of procrastination behavior provides entry point.

(7) based on the analysis of Master graduate student procrastination behavior, cause and strategy on the basis of change, from the negative way of thinking, to alleviate the pressure of emotions and take active action three respects put forward to improve postgraduate procrastination suggestions.

Answer 2

The definition of dilatory conduct on the concept of graduate from the three aspects of behavior, cognitive and emotional:Not start or finish at a predetermined period of knowing the things we should do it,also displays for although foresees the negative consequence ,still the matter be postponed until the deadline or can not complete the task of inefficient behavior,also contains the irrational beliefs and thought process will be postponed,trationalize,Accompanied by anxiety, pain, guilt, regret and other negative emotional experience,different from the co-ordination based on the time of the thing priorities.Areas where delays occur for graduates : Academic delay, the daily life of procrastination and delay making a decision.

参考资料：时间关系，给你翻译一段吧