英语十大词类：英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词、数词、冠词介词连词和感叹词。这些词在句子中做各种成分。
1.主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物（动作的执行者），一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。
He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。
China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。
2.谓语
谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。
一般可分为两类：
1)简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
We study for the people. 我们为人民学习。
2)复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
I can speak a little Eng”lish.
我可以说一点英语。
3.宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
We like English. 我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
He gave me some ink. 他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：
We make him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。
4. 表语
表语就是放在连系动词之后（连系动词+表语构成谓语）,用来说明主语的身份,特征，属性或状态等.一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等等来充当。
[系动词亦称联系动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。主要系动词有fall, be,keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,seem, appear, look ,feel, smell, sound, taste,become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come等 ]
例如(在例句中,表语用大写体表示):
1.Work is STRUGGLE. (名词)
工作就是斗争.
2.Mr.Zhang became a TAXI DRIVER. (名词)
张先生成为出租车司机了.
3.Our future is BRIGHT. (形容词)
我们的前途是光明的.
4.He is OUT. (副词)
他出去了.
5.These books are YOURS. (代词)
这些书都是你的.
6.Two times four is EIGHT. (数词)
2乘以4是等于8.
7.The result of the test is DISAPPOINTING. (分词)
测验的成积令人失望.
8.Her work was WASHING and COOKING. (动名词)
她的工作是洗衣服和做饭.
9.Your task is TO LOOK AFTER these children. (不定式)
你的任务是照顾这些孩子们.
10.Her mother is IN GOOD HEALTH. (介词短语)
她的妈妈很健康.
11.What surprised us most was THAT YOU SPOKE ENGLISH SO WELL. (从句)
最令我们大为吃惊是你英语说得这么好.
定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。
He is a new student. 他是个新生。
Do you know my boy-friend?
但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。
The bike in the room is mine. 房间里的自行车是我的。
状语
英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)。
状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
1. 副词一般在句子中做状语．
He speaks English very well.
He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。
I come specially to see you.
3.介词短语
My parents often tell us about their bitter life
in the past.
Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.
The boy was praised for his bravery.
4.从句作状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
5.分词作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
关于宾语从句
宾语从句,由主谓宾构成的句子,当它的宾语部分是由一个句子充当时,这个句子就叫做有宾语从句的主从复合句。如下图所示宾语从句的概念:复合句:简单句:
宾语从句的学习往往与引语学习紧密相连。引语分为直接引语和间接引语。
直接引语就是直接引用别人所说的话,一般放在冒号后引号中；间接引语则是转述别人所说的话,句中没有冒号引号。
如:小明说:"我爸爸是一个教师,"这是一个直接引语；小明说他爸爸是一个教师,这就是一个间接引语,间接引语就是宾语从句。那么我们只要学会如何把直接引语变成间接引语,就掌握了宾语从句的用法。
直接引语变成间接宾语要注意三个问题:
(1)连接词；(2)语序问题；(3)主句与从句时态保持一致。
直接引语按句子功能可分为:陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句及祈使句。
一、当直接引语是陈述句变间接引语:
(1)连接词用that。that没有任何意义,可省略,只是表示that后面的句子是一个宾语；
(2)语序不变,即陈述语序；
(3)主从时态一致,当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态；当主句是过去时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。
如:"My father is a teacher."分别用Xiao Ming says和Xiao Ming said变宾语从句:Xiao Ming says that his father is a teacher.Xiao Ming said that his father was a teacher.
二、当直接引语为一般疑问句时:
(1)连接词用if或whether,可译为"是否"；
(2)语序恢复成陈述语序；(3)主从时态保持一致。
如:"Are you a teacher？"分别用"He asks···"和"He asked···"变宾语从句:He asks me if I am a teacher.He asked me if I
was a teacher.
三、当直接引语为特殊疑问句时:
(1)连接词用特殊疑问词；(2)语序恢复成陈述语序；(3)主从时态一致。
如:1、"What are you doing？"分别用"Can you tell me···"和"He asked···"来变宾语从句:
Can you tell me what you are doing挂 你能告诉我你在做什么吗？
He asked what you were doing. 他问你在做什么。
2、"How many people are there in your family？"分别用"He asks me···"和"He asked···"变宾语从句:
He asks me how many people there are in my fami-ly. 他问我在我家里有多少人。
He asked how many people there were in your fami-ly. 他问在你家里有多少人。在这个例子中how many people是一个疑问词组,不可分开。
四、当直接引语是祈使句:
(1)不需要连接词；(2)改为不定式短语做宾语补足语。
如:The mother said to me, "Please make your bed." The mother told me to make my bed.
关于定语从句
定语从句也称形容词性从句，在整个句子中起定语的作用。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，在从句中可作主语、宾语，定语等；关系副词有when, where, why等词，在定语从句中只用作状语。其中：
1. who, whom, whose指人，在从句中分别作主语（在非正式英语中也可作宾语,但可省略）、宾语和定语；whose也可指物，作定语；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语；which指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。注意：whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。请看例句：
1）The man who was here yesterday is a painter.
2) The man (who) I saw is called Smith.
3) I know the man (whom) you mean.
4) A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
5) I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
6) A letter that is written in pencil is hard to read.
7) The letter (that) I received from him yesterday is very important.
8) Is he the man that sells eggs?
9) That is the boy (that) you are looking for.
2. When 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在从句中都作状语。例如：
1) We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.
2) He has reached the point where a change is needed.
3) That is no reason why you should leave.
定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。非限定性定语从句用来解释、说明先行词或主句所指内容，与先行词之间用逗号隔开。
1) I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow.
2) Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
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