雪莱生平（1792-1822）
Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in 1792, into a wealthy Sussex family which eventually attained minor noble rank--the poet's grandfather, a wealthy businessman, received a baronetcy in 1806. Timothy Shelley, the poet's father, was a member of Parliament and a country gentleman. The young Shelley entered Eton, a prestigious school for boys, at the age of twelve. While he was there, he discovered the works of a philosopher named William Godwin, which he consumed passionately and in which he became a fervent believer; the young man wholeheartedly embraced the ideals of liberty and equality espoused by the French Revolution, and devoted his considerable passion and persuasive power to convincing others of the rightness of his beliefs. Entering Oxford in 1810, Shelley was expelled the following spring for his part in authoring a pamphlet entitled The Necessity of Atheism--atheism being an outrageous idea in religiously conservative nineteenth-century England.
At the age of nineteen, Shelley eloped with Harriet Westbrook, the sixteen-year-old daughter of a tavern keeper, whom he married despite his inherent dislike for the tavern. Not long after, he made the personal acquaintance of William Godwin in London, and promptly fell in love with Godwin's daughter Mary Wollstonecraft, whom he was eventually able to marry, and who is now remembered primarily as the author of Frankenstein. In 1816, the Shelleys traveled to Switzerland to meet Lord Byron, the most famous, celebrated, and controversial poet of the era; the two men became close friends. After a time, they formed a circle of English expatriates in Pisa, traveling throughout Italy; during this time Shelley wrote most of his finest lyric poetry, including the immortal "Ode to the West Wind" and "To a Skylark." In 1822, Shelley drowned while sailing in a storm off the Italian coast. He was not yet thirty years old.
Shelley belongs to the younger generation of English Romantic poets, the generation that came to prominence while William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge were settling into middle age. Where the older generation was marked by simple ideals and a reverence for nature, the poets of the younger generation (which also included John Keats and the infamous Lord Byron) came to be known for their sensuous aestheticism, their explorations of intense passions, their political radicalism, and their tragically short lives.
Shelley died when he was twenty-nine, Byron when he was thirty-six, and Keats when he was only twenty-six years old. To an extent, the intensity of feeling emphasized by Romanticism meant that the movement was always associated with youth, and because Byron, Keats, and Shelley died young (and never had the opportunity to sink into conservatism and complacency as Wordsworth did), they have attained iconic status as the representative tragic Romantic artists. Shelley's life and his poetry certainly support such an understanding, but it is important not to indulge in stereotypes to the extent that they obscure a poet's individual character. Shelley's joy, his magnanimity, his faith in humanity, and his optimism are unique among the Romantics; his expression of those feelings makes him one of the early nineteenth century's most significant writers in English.
雪莱，（Percy Bysshe Shelley，1792～1822）英国著名民主诗人。出身乡村地主家庭，20岁入牛津大学，因写反宗教的哲学论文被学校开除。投身社会后，又因写诗歌鼓动英国人民革命及支持爱尔兰民族民主运动，而被迫于1818年迁居意大利。在意大利，他仍积极支持意大利人民的民族解放斗争，1822年渡海遇风暴不幸船沉溺死。
雪莱是跟拜伦齐名的欧洲著名浪漫主义诗人。其作品热情而富哲理思辨，诗风自由不羁，常任天上地下、时间空间、神怪精灵往来变幻驰骋，又惯用梦幻象征手法和远古神话题材。其最优秀的作品有评论人间事物的长诗《仙后麦布》(1813)，描写反封建起义的幻想性抒情故事诗《伊斯兰的反叛》（1818），控诉曼彻斯特大屠杀的政治诗《暴政的行列》（1819），支持意大利民族解放斗争的政治诗《自由颂》（1820），表现革命热情及胜利信念的《西风颂》（1819），以及取材于古希腊神话，表现人民反暴政胜利后瞻望空想社会主义前景的代表诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》（1819）等。
雪莱浪漫主义理想的终极目标就是创造一个人人享有自由幸福的新世界。他设想自己是日夜飞翔的夭使、飘浮蓝空的云朵、翱翔太空的云雀，乃至深秋季节的西风，是新世界理想的传播者、歌颂者、号召者。他以美丽的语言、丰富的想象描绘了这个新世界的绚丽画面，而且豪迈地预言：“如果冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？” 因此，恩格斯赞美雪菜是“天才的预言家”。
雪莱代表作《西风颂》
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,
Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou,
Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed
The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
Each like a corpse within its grave, until
Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow
Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill
(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)
With living hues and odours plain and hill:
Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;
Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!
II
Thou on whose stream, mid the steep sky's commotion,
Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed,
Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,
Angels of rain and lightning: there are spread
On the blue surface of thine a?ry surge,
Like the bright hair uplifted from the head
Of some fierce Maenad, even from the dim verge
Of the horizon to the zenith's height,
The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirge
Of the dying year, to which this closing night
Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre,
Vaulted with all thy congregated might
Of vapours, from whose solid atmosphere
Black rain, and fire, and hail will burst: oh hear!
III
Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams
The blue Mediterranean, where he lay,
Lull'd by the coil of his crystàlline streams,
Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,
And saw in sleep old palaces and towers
Quivering within the wave's intenser day,
All overgrown with azure moss and flowers
So sweet, the sense faints picturing them! Thou
For whose path the Atlantic's level powers
Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below
The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear
The sapless foliage of the ocean, know
Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear,
And tremble and despoil themselves: oh hear!
IV
If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;
If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;
A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share
The impulse of thy strength, only less free
Than thou, O uncontrollable! If even
I were as in my boyhood, and could be
The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,
As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed
Scarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have striven
As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.
Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!
A heavy weight of hours has chain'd and bow'd
One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.
V
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if my leaves are falling like its own!
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like wither'd leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by the incantation of this verse,
Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawaken'd earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
1
哦，犷野的西风，你秋之实体的气息!
由于你无形无影的出现，万木萧疏，
似鬼魅逃避驱魔巫师，蔫黄，魆黑，
苍白，潮红，疫疠摧残的落叶无数，
四散飘舞；哦，你又把有翅的种籽
凌空运送到他们阴暗的越冬床圃；
仿佛是一具具僵卧在坟墓里的尸体，
他们将分别蛰伏，冷落而又凄凉，
直到阳春你蔚蓝的姐妹向梦中的大地
吹响她嘹亮的号角(如同牧放群羊，
驱送香甜的花蕾到空气中觅食就饮)
给高山平原注满生命的色彩和芬芳。
不羁的精灵，你啊，你到处运行；
你破坏，你也保存，听，哦，听!
2
在你的川流上，在骚动的高空，
纷乱的乌云，那雨和电的天使，
正像大地凋零枯败的落叶无穷，
挣脱天空和海洋交错缠接的柯枝，
飘流奔泻；在你清虚的波涛表面，
似梅娜德头上扬起的蓬勃青丝，
从那茫茫地平线阴暗的边缘
直到苍穹的绝顶，到处都散布着
迫近的暴风雨飘摇翻腾的发卷。
你啊，垂死残年的挽歌，四合的夜幕
在你聚集的全部水汽威力支撑下，
将构成他那庞大墓穴的拱形顶部。
从你那雄浑磅礴的氛围，将迸发
黑色的雨、火、冰雹；哦，听啊!
3
你，哦，是你把蓝色的地中海
从梦中唤醒，他在一整个夏天
都酣睡在贝伊湾一座浮石岛外，
被澄澈的流水喧哗声催送入眠，
梦见了古代的楼台、塔堡和宫闱，
在澎湃汹涌的波光里不住地抖颤，
全都长满了蔚蓝色苔藓和花卉，
馨香馥郁，如醉的知觉难以描摹。
哦，为了给你让路，大西洋水
豁然开裂，而在浩淼波澜深处，
海底花藻和枝叶无汁的淤泥丛林，
哦，由于把你的呼啸声辨认出，
一时都惨然变色，胆怵心惊，
战栗着自行凋落；听，哦，听!
4
我若是一朵轻捷的浮云，能随你同飞，
我若是一片落叶，能为你所提携，
我若是一重波浪，能喘息于你的神威，
分享你雄强的脉搏，自由不羁，
仅次于，哦，仅次于不可控制的你；
我若能像在少年时，作为伴侣，
随你同游天际，因为在那时节，
似乎超越你天界的神速也不为奇迹；
我也就不至于像现在这样急切，
向你苦苦祈求。哦，快把我飏起，
就像你飏起波浪、浮云、落叶!
我倾覆于人生的荆棘!我在流血!
岁月的重负压制着的这一个太像你，
像你一样，骄傲，不驯，而且敏捷。
5
像你以森林演奏，请也以我为琴，
哪怕我的叶片也像森林的一样凋谢!
你那非凡和谐的慷慨激越之情，
定能从森林和我同奏出深沉的秋乐，
悲怆却又甘洌。但愿你勇猛的精灵
竟是我的魂魄，我能成为剽悍的你!
请把我枯萎的思绪播送宇宙，
就像你驱遣落叶催促新的生命，
请凭借我这韵文写就的符咒，
就像从未灭的余烬飏出炉灰和火星，
把我的话语传遍天地间万户千家，
通过我的嘴唇，向沉睡未醒的人境，
让预言的号角奏鸣!哦，风啊，
冬天如果来了，春天还会远吗?
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