寻蛋形曲线公式

蛋形曲线的公式

卵型曲线是指两个同向圆曲线由一段缓和曲线连接起来构成的复曲线。
求卵型曲线的方法很多,如下

Egg shaped curves:
------------------

Sei P1 = (x1,y1) ein Punkt des Kreises um (0,d) mit Radius a.
(1) (x1-d)^2 + y1^2 = a^2
Sei P2 = (x2,y2) ein Punkt des Kreises um (0,0) mit Radius b.
(2) x2^2 + y2^2 = b^2
Seien die Punkte P1 und P2 auf einer Geraden durch den Ursprung.
(3) y1/x1 = y2/x2

Gesucht ist die Gleichung fuer Q = (x1,y2).
Vorgehen: Elimination der Variablen x2 und y1.
Loese (1) nach y1^2 auf und (2) nach x2^2 auf.
(1') y1^2 = a^2 - (x1-d)^2
(2') x2^2 = b^2 - y2^2
Quadriere (3).
(3') x2^2 y1^2 = x1^2 y2^2
Setze (1') und (2') in (3') ein.
(4) (b^2 - y2^2)(a^2 - (x1-d)^2) = x1^2 y2^2
Transformation x1 - d -> x und y2 -> y.
(5) (b^2 - y^2)(a^2 - x^2) = (x+d)^2 y^2
Expansion
(6) b^2 x^2 + a^2 y^2 + 2d xy^2 + d^2 y^2 = a^2 b^2
(7) x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 (1 + (2dx+d^2)/a^2) = 1

Du siehst, fuer d=0 gibt es die Ellipsengleichung in (a,b) Form.

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这是德语,大意是:
P1 (x1, y1) 是圆心为(0,d) ,半径a的圆,方程为
(x1-d)^2 +y1^2 = a^2 (1)
P2 (x2, y2) 是圆心为(0,0 ) ,半径b的圆,方程为
x2^2 + y2^2 = b^2 (2)
连接P1 和P2 直线方程
y1/x1 = y2/x2 (3)

寻找Q (x1, y2) 关于变量(x1, y2)的等式
过程如下: 消除变量x2 和y1.
消除(1) 中的y1^2和(2) 的x2^2,得到
y1^2 = a^2 - (x1-d)^2 (1')
x2^2 = b^2 - y2^2 (2')
将 (3)式平方,得到
x2^2 y1^2 = x1^2 y2^2 (3')
将(1')和 (2') 带入(3') 得到
(4) (b^2 - y2^2)(a^2 - (x1-d)^2) = x1^2 y2^2

变形
设x1 - d 为x 及 y2 为 y,得方程
(b^2 - y^2)(a^2 - x^2) = (x+d)^2 y^2 (5)

展开,得方程
b^2 x^2 + a^2 y^2 + 2d xy^2 + d^2 y^2 = a^2 b^2 (6)
x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 (1 + (2dx+d^2)/a^2) = 1 (7)

可以知道, 当d=0 ,它就是椭圆方程的形式。

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Mechanical egg curve construction by a two bar linkage - a quartic

A
/ /
B /
/ /
/ /
-----------=P=-------------Q----------

Let Q and P be points on a horizontal axis. Q is fixed.
The two bars of the linkage are QA and PA.
Let QA = r, AP = a, BP = b. (Note that a need not be greater than r.)
Now A can be moved around Q on a circular track. Thereby
P is moving forth and back. The track of B is an egg curve.
B need no be between A and P. Let Q be the origin of a coordinate
system. Then the resulting quatic curve is symmetric in x and y.
So it actually describes two eggs.
Such a divise has been described by [Karl Mocnik 1998].
An interactive web page with such a linkage is
www.museo.unimo.it/theatrum/macchine/ sistema biella-manovella.
For r=2, a=3, b=2 we get a nice egg curve.

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由两个连杆机构构建的机械蛋曲线-四次方程
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A
/ /
B /
/ /
/ /
-----------=P=-------------Q----------
让Q 和P 是点在一个水平的轴。Q 是固定的。
联结两个连杆QA 和PA 。
让QA = r, AP = a, BP = b 。(注意a可以不大于r 。)
现在A 在Q 附近的一条圆轨道移动。从而P可以前后移动。B 轨道就是蛋曲线,另种说法为卵形曲线。
B 可以不在A 和P 之间。让Q 是座标系的原点 。然后得到的四次方曲线是关于x 和y轴对称 。
如此它实际上构成两个蛋形。
[ Karl Mocnik 1998]描述了这样方法。
链接网址如下
www.museo.unimo.it/theatrum/macchine/ sistema biella manovella。
当r=2, a=3, b=2 就可以得到好的蛋曲线。
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Polynomials making chains of eggs:
Let f(x) = (x-x1)(x-x2)...(x-xn) be a polynomial
with distinct real roots x1, x2, ... xn.

Example: f(x) for n=4 looks like this

x
x x x x
------x1----x2--------x3------x4-----
x x x x
x x x x

The equation y^2 = f(x) will have two eggs in [x1,x2] and [x3,x4].
With 2n roots we can create a chain of n eggs in this way.

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多项式做链子蛋:
让f(x) = (x-x1)(x-x2)... (x-xn) 是多项式,并有相异的实根x1, x2... xn 。

例子:
当n=4 ,f(x) 看起来象这样

x
x x x x
------x1----x2--------x3------x4-----
x x x x
x x x x

等式y^2 = f(x) 将有二个蛋,参数分别为[ x1, x2 ] 和[ x3,x4 ] 。
2n 个根我们能创造n 蛋链。

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Newton's cubic: Elliptic curve
y^2 = x(x+a)(x+b) three real and unequal roots 0, -a, -b
http://home.planet.nl/~wasse170/cubic/cubicn.html

, , | '
' ' , | '
' ' |'
--b--------------a------+------------------
, , |,
, , ' | ,
' ' | ,

Another parametrization which gives better control of the shape
a^2 b y^2 = c^2 (x + a)(x - a)(x - b) with 0 < a < b

, ,A ' A = (0, c)
' ' , '
' ' '
- -a -----0----- +a -----b------------------
, , ,
, , ' ,
' ' ,

The maximal value occures at x = (b - sqrt(b^2 + 3a^2))/3.
The radius of curvature of a parabola y^2 = 2px at x=0 is p.
Let f(x) = (x + a)(x - a)(x - b) then f'(a) = 2a(a-b) and
f'(-a) = 2a(a+b). Therefore the radius of curvature of the
egg at x=a is c^2(1/a - 1/b) and at x=-a it is c^2(1/a + 1/b).

Double Egg quartic:
y^2 = -c(x+a)(x-a)(x+b)(x-b) = -c(x^2 - a^2)(x^2 - b^2)
Special case of the polynomial egg chain.

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Newton's 立方体: 椭圆曲线
y^2 = x(x+a)(x+b) 三个不等的实根0, - a, - b
http://home.planet.nl/~wasse170/cubic/cubicn.html

, , | '
' ' , | '
' ' |'
--b--------------a------+------------------
, , |,
, , ' | ,
' ' | ,

引入其它参数给形状的更好的约束控制
a^2 b y^2 = c^2 (x + a)(x - a)(x - b) ,0 < a< b

, ,A ' A = (0, c)
' ' , '
' ' '
- -a -----0----- +a -----b------------------
, , ,
, , ' ,
' ' ,

最大值在x = (b - sqrt(b^2 + 3a^2))/3 处。
抛物线y^2 = 2px 的曲率半径,在x=0 时是p 。
令f(x) = (x + a)(x - a)(x - b)
则f '(a) = 2a(a-b) 和f '(-a) = 2a(a+b) 。
所以蛋形曲率半径在x=a 时是c^2(1/a - 1/b) 并且在x=-a 时它是c^2(1/a+ 1/b) 。

双蛋四次式:
y^2 = - c(x+a)(x-a)(x+b)(x-b) = - c(x^2 - a^2)(x^2 - b^2)
多项蛋链的特殊情况。

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Apollonian cubic:
(x-a)(x^2 + y^2) + bx + cy = 0
http://home.planet.nl/~wasse170/cubic/cubica.html

Given two line segments, what is the locus of the points P
from which the angles viewing the segments are equal.

D
|
|
A--------------B |
|
|
C

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Apollonian 立方体:
(x-a)(x^2 + y^2) + bx + cy = 0
http://home.planet.nl/~wasse170/cubic/cubica.html

给定两个线段, P是观查线段段角度相等的点轨迹(不太明白这句话)。

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其他方法在这个网页上 http://www.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/~sillke/PUZZLES/egg-curves
其他方法我就不翻译了。

其他参考网站http://www.2dcurves.com/
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