英语不定式语法

求英语不定式的语法,要句式和结构,用法和定义

英语中动词的主要功能是做谓语,而动词不定式不能作谓语,所以叫动词的非谓语形式。动词不定式有两种形式,一是带to的不定式,一是不带to的不定式,后者都由动词原形构成。 不定式有动词的性质,有语态和时态。如:
一般式主动语态:to write 被动语态:to be written
进行式:to be writing
完成式:to have written 完成式被动语态:to have been written
动词不定式的动词性质还表现在可带宾语和状语组成不定式短语。例:Bill asked me not to say his name aloud.
(比尔要我别大声叫他的名字。有宾语和状语。)
不定式也有名词的性质,表现在可以在句中做主语、宾语、表语等。如:
To be content with little is true happiness.知足常乐。(主语)
She wants to improve her biology.她想提高她的生物学水平。(宾语)
He was the right man to marry Jane. 他正是要娶简的人。(定语)
动词不定式在句子中非常活跃,除了谓语之外所有的成分都能担当,位置往往灵活多变,要根据句子来具体分析,这大概是称为“不定”的原因吧。
(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.
  否定式:not + (to) do
  (1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
  例如:
  I'm glad to meet you.
  He seems to know a lot.
  We plan to pay a visit.
  He wants to be an artist.
  The patient asked to be operated on at once.
  The teacher ordered the work to be done.
  (2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
  The boy pretended to be working hard.
  He seems to be reading in his room.
  (3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
  I regretted to have told a lie.
  I happened to have seen the film.
  He is pleased to have met his friend.
  2.不定式的句法功能:
  (1)作主语:
  To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
  To lose your heart means failure.
  动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
  It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
  It means failure to lose your heart.
  常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
  (2)作表语:
  Her job is to clean the hall.
  He appears to have caught a cold.
  (3)作宾语:
  常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
  Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
  动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
  I have no choice but to stay here.
  He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
  动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
  He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
  (4)作宾语补足语:
  在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
  此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
  With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
  有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
  I saw him cross the road.
  He was seen to cross the road.
  (5)作定语:
  动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
  ①动宾关系:
  I have a meeting to attend.
  注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
  He found a good house to live in.
  The child has nothing to worry about.
  What did you open it with?
  如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:
  He has no place to live.
  This is the best way to work out this problem.
  如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
  Have you got anything to send?
  Have you got anything to be sent?
  ②说明所修饰名词的内容:
  We have made a plan to finish the work.
  ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
  He is the first to get here.
  (6)作状语:
  ①表目的:
  He worked day and night to get the money.
  She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
  注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
  wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
  right:To save money, he has tried every means.
  wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
  right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
  ②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果):
  He arrived late only to find the train had gone.
  I visited him only to find him out.
  ③表原因:
  They were very sad to hear the news.
  ④表程度:
  It's too dark for us to see anything.
  The question is simple for him to answer.
  (7)作独立成分:
  To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
  (8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
  If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
  (9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
  He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
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第1个回答  2011-09-23
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质,它可以有自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有形式的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。同时,动词不定式也具有非动词的性质,相当于一个名词、形容词或副词,可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外,几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。
不定式短语在句首作主语
To know oneself is difficult. 人贵有自知之明。
2.用it作形式主语
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort. 想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。
动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university. 他希望能被大学录取。
动词不定式作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
作动词的宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
作介词的宾语
不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择,只好像往常一样坐在那儿。
不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。
动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。

动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我听见他们唱歌了。
在使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式不带to。
这类动词有:make, let, have等。转为被动语态时,其后通常都用带to的不定式(have没有被动语态)。
What would you have me do 你要我做什么?
动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
动词不定式作状语
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
表示目的
I'm saving up to buy a computer. 我在存钱买电脑。
表示结果
He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他赶到车站,发现火车已经开走了。
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