《鲁滨逊漂流记》作者的英文简介

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

笛福生于英国伦敦，本姓福（foe）。笛福后来在自己的姓前面加上听起来如同贵族的“de”的前缀，形成笛福（defoe)这一笔名。笛福的父亲詹姆斯·福从事屠宰业，双亲都是长老会教徒，不信仰英国国教，笛福自己也在长老会的学校里接受中等教育，但没有上过大学。笛福曾经从商，但是遭到失败，甚至于1692年破产。随后他为了谋生，干过各种工作，如政府的情报人员等，同时从事写作。1696年他成为了一家伦敦砖瓦厂的经理。

丹尼尔·笛福，英国作家。生于伦敦。父亲经营屠宰业。笛福只受过中等教育，信奉不属于英国国教的长老会教派。二十多岁时，笛福已是伦敦一个体面的商人，经营过内衣、烟酒业等等，到过欧洲大陆。1692年经商破产，不得不以其他方式谋生。他给政府当过情报员，设计过开发事业。他还从事写作，早年以写政论文和讽刺诗著称，反对封建专制，主张发展资本主义工商业。1698年他发表了《论开发》，建议修筑公路，开办银行，征收所得税，举办水火保险，设立疯人院，创办女学等。1702年他在政论文《消灭不同教派的捷径》中用反语讽刺政府的宗教歧视政策，由于文笔巧妙，开始未被识破，发觉后被捕入狱6个月，并受枷刑示众。他受枷刑时散发了他的长诗《枷刑颂》，讽刺法律的不公，围观的伦敦市民把他奉为英雄。1704年至1713年，他为哈利主办《评论》杂志，制造舆论，搜集情报。1719年笛福发表了他的第一部小说《鲁滨孙飘流记》，大受读者欢迎。接着出版了《鲁滨孙飘流续记》。1720年他又写了《鲁滨孙的沉思集》。此后还相继发表了《辛格尔顿船长》（1720）、《摩尔·费兰德斯》（1722）、《杰克上校》（1722）和《罗克萨娜》（1724）等长篇小说以及《彼得大帝》（1723）等传记

笛福不信仰英国国教，这使得他在政治上拥护信仰新教的威廉三世。1702年笛福发表了一本小册子《消灭不同教派的捷径》，用反讽手法猛烈抨击托利党当局迫害不同教派，被逮捕。经过审判，笛福被判入狱六个月，并从1703年7月31日起带枷游行三天。笛福则在狱中针锋相对写了诗歌《枷刑颂》。这使得在他游行过程中，民众将其当英雄看待，向他投来的不是石块而是鲜花，并且为他的健康干杯。辉格党首领罗伯特·哈利非常欣赏笛福的才华，在他干涉下，笛福获得了释放。哈利希望笛福办杂志以争取民众对自己的苏格兰-英格兰联合政策的支持。笛福在哈利支持下于1704年创办了《法国时事评论》。1708年哈利失势，笛福继续支持其继任者戈多尔芬直到1713年杂志中断。

1719年笛福根据水手亚历山大·塞尔柯克的一部分经历和自己构思，完成了自己最著名的作品《鲁滨逊·克鲁索他是男（Robinson Crusoe），中文翻译为《鲁滨逊漂流记》。小说讲述一个在海难中逃生的水手在一个荒岛上通过自己智慧与勇气，战胜险恶的自然环境，终于获救回到英国的故事。小说大受欢迎，一年之内竟然出了四版。至今仍在被世界各地人阅读。笛福的其他主要小说作品有1720年完成的《辛格尔顿船长》和1722年的《摩尔·弗兰德斯》。笛福还写了大量小册子与新闻报道，1722年法国马赛发生瘟疫，笛福出版以1665年伦敦大瘟疫为内容的《大疫年纪事》，迎合了当时市民的关注，颇受欢迎。

丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe，1660年-1731年4月24日）英国小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者。其作品主要为个人通过努力，靠自己的智慧和勇敢战胜困难。情节曲折，采用自述方式，可读性强。并表现了当时追求冒险，倡导个人奋斗的社会风气。其代表作《鲁滨逊漂流记》闻名于世，鲁滨逊也成为与困难抗争的典型，因此他被视作英国小说的开创者之一。

Answer 2

Daniel Defoe
Born 1659 / 1661 (?)

Died 24 April 1731 (?)

Occupation Writer, journalist, spy
Genres Adventure
Influenced Johann Wyss, Jonathan Swift

Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 [?] – April 24 [?], 1731)[1] was an English writer, journalist, and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel and helped popularize the genre in Britain. In some texts he is even referred to as one of the founders, if not the founder, of the English novel. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than five hundred books, pamphlets, and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.

Biography

[edit]Early life
Daniel Foe was probably born in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate, London. (Daniel later added the aristocratic sounding "De" to his name and on occasion claimed descent from the family of De Beau Faux.) Both the date and the place of his birth are uncertain with sources often giving dates of 1659 or 1661. His father, James Foe, though a member of the Butchers' Company, was a tallow chandler. In Daniel's early life he experienced first-hand some of the most unusual occurrences in English history: In 1664, when Defoe was probably about four years old, a Dutch fleet sailed up the River Thames and attacked London. In 1665 70,000 were killed by the plague. On top of all these catastrophes, the Great Fire of London (1666) hit Defoe's neighborhood hard, leaving only his and two other homes standing in the area.[2] All of this happened before Defoe was around seven years old, and by the age of about twelve, Defoe's mother had died.[3] Both of his parents were Presbyterian dissenters, and he was educated in a Dissenting Academy at Stoke Newington run by Charles Morton (later vice-president of Harvard University).

Although Defoe was a Christian himself he decided not to become a dissenting minister, and entered the world of business as a general merchant, dealing at different times in hosiery, general woolen goods, and wine. Though his ambitions were great and he bought both a country estate and a ship (as well as civet cats to make perfume), he was rarely free of debt. In 1684 Defoe married a woman by the name of Mary Tuffley, receiving a dowry of £3,700. With his recurring debts, their marriage was most likely a difficult one. They had eight children, six of whom survived. In 1685, he joined the ill-fated Monmouth Rebellion, but gained a pardon by which he escaped the assizes of Judge George Jeffreys. In 1692, Defoe was arrested for payments of £700 (and his civets were seized), though his total debts may have amounted to £17,000. His laments were loud, and he always defended unfortunate debtors, but there is evidence that his financial dealings were not always honest.

Following his release, he probably traveled in Europe and Scotland, and it may have been at this time that he traded in wine to Cadiz, Porto, and Lisbon. By 1695 he was back in England, using the name "Defoe", and serving as a "commissioner of the glass duty", responsible for collecting the tax on bottles. In 1696, he was operating a tile and brick factory in Tilbury, Essex and thought to be living in nearby Chadwell St Mary.

参考资料：维基百科

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