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ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶ã ç°å¨è¿è¡æ¶ã ç°å¨å®ææ¶ã ç°å¨å®æè¿è¡æ¶ã ä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶ã è¿å»è¿è¡æ¶ã è¿å»å®ææ¶ã è¿å»å®æè¿è¡æ¶ã ä¸è¬å°æ¥æ¶ ãå°æ¥è¿è¡æ¶ ãå°æ¥å®ææ¶ã å°æ¥å®æè¿è¡æ¶ã ä¸è¬è¿å»å°æ¥æ¶ã è¿å»å°æ¥è¿è¡æ¶ ãè¿å»å°æ¥å®ææ¶ã è¿å»å°æ¥å®æè¿è¡æ¶
ä½æ¯ï¼è±è¯ä¸å¸¸ç¨çæ¶ææäºä¸ªï¼ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶ï¼ç°å¨è¿è¡æ¶ï¼ä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶ï¼ä¸è¬å°æ¥æ¶åç°å¨å®ææ¶ãè¿æäºæ¶æç¨å¾ä¹æ¯è¾å¤ä¸äºï¼å¦ï¼è¿å»è¿è¡æ¶ï¼è¿å»å®ææ¶ï¼è¿å»å°æ¥æ¶ï¼ç°å¨å®æè¿è¡æ¶çï¼å
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è±è¯æ¶æå½¢å¼å¯ä»¥ç¨ä¸è¡¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºï¼(以study为ä¾)
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ç° å¨study studiesãis/ am/ are studying ãhas/ have studiedãhas/ have been studying
è¿ å»studiedãwas/ were studying ãhad studiedãhad been studyingã
å° æ¥shall/ will studyãshall/ will be studyingãshall/ will have studiedãshall/ will have been studying
è¿ å» å° æ¥should/ would studyãshould/ would be studyingãshould/ would have studiedãshould/ would have been studyingã
å¨è¿éï¼æ们éç¹è®²ä¸ä¸ä»¥ä¸å¸¸ç¨æ¶æï¼
ä¸ãä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶
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1. 表示ä¸ç§æ°¸ä¹
æ§çãä¸æ¶åç¹å®çæ¶é´çä¸è¬æ§éè¿°å客è§åå¨ã
e.g. I) He smokes too much.
II) It seldom snows here.
2. ç¨äºè¯´æèªç¶è§å¾ã客è§ççãç§å¦äºå®ï¼æ ¼è¨ãè°è¯çä¹å±äºè¯ç±»çã
e.g. I) The earth moves round the sun.
II) Actions speak louder than words. è¡å¨èäºé辩ã
3. å¨ä½å¨è¯çä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶å¯ä»¥è¡¨ç¤ºç°é¶æ®µéå¤åççä¸ç³»åäºä»¶ãè¿æ¶å¸¸åsometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year, twice a day, five times a monthç表示é¢åº¦çå¯è¯ï¼çè¯ï¼è¿ç¨ã
e.g. I) Teenagers often spend hours shopping, especially on weekends.
II) We always care for each other and care for each other.
4. å¦æå¨ä½å¨è¯ææçæ¯ä¸ä¸ªå¨è®²è¯æ¶å¼å§å¹¶ç»æçåä¸è¡ä¸ºï¼åæå³ç该äºä»¶å¾å°æ没ææç»æ§ï¼é常åªç¨äºè¡ä¸ºè¯ãç¹æ®æå¹å¥æ对快éä½è²è¿å¨ççå®åµæ¥å¯¼ã
e.g. I) Here comes the winner.
II) I declare the meeting open. æ宣å¸ä¼è®®å¼å§ã
5. 表示å°æ¥æ¶é´ãå¨ç±whenï¼ifï¼afterï¼beforeï¼as soon asï¼even ifï¼in caseï¼thoughï¼tillï¼untilï¼unlessï¼so long asçå¼å¯¼çæ¶é´ç¶è¯ä»å¥ææ¡ä»¶ç¶è¯ä»å¥ä¸ï¼ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶å¯ä»¥ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºå°æ¥æ¶é´ã
e.g. I) Youâd better take an umbrella in case (ä¸ä¸) it rains.
II) So long as (åªè¦) you work hard, youâll surely succeed.
6. ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶å¯ä»¥ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºä¸ä¸ªæè§å®ã计åãæå®æè¦åççæ
åµãä½è¿åªéäºå°æ°å¨è¯ï¼å¦begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, end, stop, depart, open, closeçã
e.g. I) The plane takes off at 11 a.m.
II) School begins the day after tomorrow.
III) Is there a film on tonight?
7. å¨I hope, I betçåé¢çthat-åå¥ä¸å¯ç¨ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶è¡¨ç¤ºå°æ¥æ¦å¿µã
e.g. I) I bet Houston Rocket beats Miami Heats this afternoon.
II) I hope the storm passes quickly.
8. å¨see (to it), make sure, make certainçåé¢çthat-åå¥ä¸å¯ç¨ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶è¡¨ç¤ºå°æ¥æ¦å¿µã
e.g. I) Please see (to it) that windows are closed before you leave.
II) Be sure that you donât work too hard.
9. ç¨äºè®²æ
äºï¼åè¿°æãæ°é»æ¥å¯¼æå¾ç说æçä¸ï¼ä»¥å¢å æè¿°ççå¨æ§åçå®æã
e.g. He sits down, shivers (颤æ) a little. The clock outside strikes twelve.
äºãä¸è¬å°æ¥æ¶
ä¸è¬å°æ¥æ¶ä¸»è¦ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºï¼
1. å°è¦åççå¨ä½ææ
åµã
e.g. I) When shall we have an oral test (å£è¯)?
II) He will start to work in June.
2. ä¹ æ¯å¨ä½ææªæ¥çå¾åã
e.g. I) Wherever he goes, he will take an umbrella with him.
II) Only in this way will we succeed. åªæè¿æ ·æ们æè½æåã
3. 表示å°è¦åççå¨ä½ï¼é¤äºä¸è¬å°æ¥æ¶å¤ï¼è¿æä¸äºå
¶ä»ç»æåæ¶æã
a) be going + ä¸å®å¼ (表示æç®ãåå¤åçäºæå³å°åçæè¯å®è¦åççäº)
e.g. I) Look at those clouds! Itâs going to rain. çé£äºä¹äºï¼å¤©å¿«ä¸é¨äºã
II) I am going to leave for Paris with my classmates next week.
b) be about + ä¸å®å¼ (表示æ£è¦ãåè¦åççäºæ
)
e.g. I) The train is about to leave.
II) We are just in time. The curtain is about to go up. æ们æ¥å¾å¾åæ¶ï¼çµå½±å好æå¼åºå¹ã
c) be + ä¸å®å¼ (表示ææ¥ç¨å°è¦åççå¨ä½)
e.g. I) There is to be a test in the fifth week.
II) I am to meet my friend at the railway station this afternoon.
d) å¨è¯ç°å¨æ¶ (è§ç°å¨è¿è¡æ¶2)
e) ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶ (è§ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶5ã6ã7ã8)
f) å¨è¯å°æ¥è¿è¡æ¶ï¼å¯ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºä¸å«æå¾çå°æ¥æ¦å¿µã
e.g. I) Machines will be doing many jobs that people do today.
II) We will be staying in Beijing for three days.
ä¸ãä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶
ä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶ä¸»è¦ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºï¼
1. 表示äºä»¶æç¶æå¿
å®åçå¨è¿å»ï¼ä»å
¶å®æå°ç°å¨ä¹é´æä¸æ®µé´éãè¿å»æ¶é´å¯ä»¥ç±ç¶è¯è¡¨ç¤ºï¼å¦yesterdayï¼an hour agoï¼in 1972ï¼last yearçã
e.g. I) In 1972, Fatherâs Day became a national holiday in the United States.
II) Jane was here a moment ago.
2. å¨ä½å¨è¯çä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶å¯ä»¥è¡¨ç¤ºå¨è¿å»ä¸æ®µæ¶é´ééå¤åççä¸ç³»åäºä»¶ãè¿æ¶å¸¸åsometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year, twice a day, five times a monthç表示é¢åº¦çå¯è¯ï¼çè¯ï¼è¿ç¨ã
e.g. I) Ken never smoked.
II) I went to the cinema three times last week.
3. å¨æ¶é´åæ¡ä»¶ç¶è¯ä»å¥ä¸ï¼ä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶å¯ä»¥æ¿ä»£è¿å»å°æ¥æ¶ã
e.g. I) Father promised to buy me a MP3 if he got a pay raise.
II) I couldnât watch that exciting game before my homework was finished.
åãç°å¨å®ææ¶
1. ç°å¨å®ææ¶åªè¦ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºï¼
a) å¼å§äºè¿å»è延ç»è³ä»çå¨ä½ï¼æå¯è½ç»§ç»å»¶ç»ä¸å»ï¼æéå¤æ§çäºä»¶ã
e.g. I) Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times. 广åå¨ç°ä»£ç¤¾ä¼ä¸å·²æ为ä¸é¡¹é常ä¸ä¸åçæ´»å¨ã
II) She has lived here since 1997.
b) å¨ä½çç»æå°ç°å¨æ¶å»ä»ç¶åå¨ï¼å¸¸ä¸recently, just, already, yet, before, in the past few years, up to now, so far, this year, for, sinceçæ¶é´ç¶è¯è¿ç¨ã
e.g. I) So far we have learned a lot about different tenses.
II) In the past few decades (åå¹´) great changes have taken place in Hangzhou.
2. ç°å¨å®ææ¶åä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶çæ¯è¾ï¼
a) æä¹ä¸çåºå«
两ç§æ¶æçå¨ä½é½åçå¨è¿å»ï¼ç°å¨å®ææ¶å¼ºè°å¨ä½ç°å¨çç»æï¼è¿å»æ¶çç¼è¿å»çå¨ä½æç¶ææ¬èº«ãè¯æ¯è¾ï¼
e.g. I) I have read this book. (说ææäºè§£ä¹¦çå
容ã)
II) I read this book yesterday. (åè¿°æ¨å¤©åçä¸ä»¶äºï¼ä¸ç°å¨æ å
³ã)
b) æ¶é´ç¶è¯çåºå«
ä¸ä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶ç¸å
³çç¶è¯yesterday (morning), a month ago, earlier this month, last week/month/year/ Monday, the other day (åå 天), at that time, in 1979, etc.ä¸ç°å¨å®ææ¶ç¸å
³çç¶è¯since Monday, so far, ever, never, up to now/ present, yet, for three days, etc.ä¸ä¸¤è
é½ç¸å
³çç¶è¯Today, recently, this week/month/year/June, this morning/afternoon/evening, recently, before, once, already, etc.
c) ç¹æ®ç¨æ³
i) å¨âThis/ It is the first (second, third, last, etc.) time â¦âåç¨ç°å¨å®ææ¶ã
e.g. It is the first time that I have traveled by train.
ii) å¨âIt is/ has been a long time since â¦âåç¨è¿å»æ¶ã
e.g. It has been 10 years since I graduated from my university.
iii) å¨âThis is + æé«çº§å½¢å®¹è¯ + åè¯âåçä»å¥ä¸ç¨ç°å¨å®ææ¶ã
e.g. He is the most interesting person I have ever met.
äºãå°æ¥å®ææ¶
å°æ¥å®ææ¶ç±shall (will) haveå è¿å»åè¯ææï¼ä¸»è¦è¡¨ç¤ºå°æ¥ææ¶å·²ç»åççäºæ
ãå¦æå¥åä¸æâby + å°æ¥çæä¸æ¶é´âæwhen, beforeçæ¶é´ç¶è¯æ¶ï¼å¯ä»¥ç¨å°æ¥å®ææ¶ã
e.g. I) I shall have finished my homework before lunch.
II) By the end of next month, he will have lived here fore three years.
III) When we get there, they will probably have left.
IV) Hurry up, or the train will have left by the time we get to the station.
å
ãè¿å»å®ææ¶
1. è¿å»å®ææ¶çç¨æ³
è¿å»å®ææ¶ä¸»è¦è¡¨ç¤ºå
äºè¿å»æä¸æ¶é´çäºä»¶æç¶æï¼å³âè¿å»çè¿å»âãè¿ä¸äºä»¶æç¶æå¯ä»¥å¨è¿å»æä¸æ¶é´ä»¥åå·²ç»å®æï¼ä¹å¯è½ä»âè¿å»çè¿å»âæä¸æ¶é´ä¸ç´å»¶ç»å°è¿å»æä¸æ¶é´ï¼çè³è¿å¯è½å»¶ç»ä¸å»ï¼ä½ä¸ç°å¨æ¶é´æ å
³ï¼ã
a) è¿å»å®ææ¶å¸¸åafter, before, by, till, when, untilçå¼å
¥çç¶è¯è¿ç¨ã
e.g. I) I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had collected more than 2000.
II) When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
III) She didnât go to bed until she had finished her homework.
b) å¨å¾å¤æ
åµä¸æ²¡æææ¾çæ¶é´ç¶è¯ï¼æ¶é´ç±ä¸ä¸æ表示åºæ¥ã
e.g.I) He went to see his boss and told him what had happened.
II) They returned earlier than we had expected.
c) è¿å»å®ææ¶çå ç§ç¹æ®ç¨æ³
i) åbeforeè¿ç¨ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºâè¿æ²¡â¦â¦å°±âã
e.g. I) She cried before I had realized what was happening. æè¿æ²¡ææè¯å°åçä»ä¹äºæ
她就åäºèµ·æ¥ã
II) They set out before I had told them the address.
ii) âIt/This/That was the first/second/third time that â¦â ç»æä¸çä»å¥ï¼è¦æ±ç¨è¿å»å®ææ¶æã
e.g. I) It was the first time they had tried foreign food.
II) It was the first time that he had finished his composition in 30 minutes.
iii) å¨âno sooner ⦠than â¦âåâhardly/scarcely ⦠when â¦âçç»æä¸ï¼ä¸»å¥ä¸ç¨è¿å»å®ææ¶ï¼ä»å¥ä¸ç¨ä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶ã
e.g. I) I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang.
II) No sooner had we begun than we were told to stop.
iv) ä¸expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, wantçå¨è¯è¿ç¨æ¶ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºè¿å»çå¸æãé¢æãæå¾ææ¿æç没æå®ç°ã
e.g. I) I had planned to visit you, but I just couldnât find time.
II) He had hoped to help you, but he was ill.
2. è¿å»å®ææ¶åä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶çæ¯è¾ï¼
è¿å»å®ææ¶è¡¨ç¤ºè¿å»æä¸æ¶å»ï¼ææ个å¨ä½ååççäºï¼å³è¿å»çè¿å»ï¼å®çç¼äºæ¾ç¤ºè¿å»åççå 个å¨ä½çå
åãä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶åªåè¿°è¿å»ææ¶å»æææ¶å»ååççå¨ä½ï¼ä½ä¸å¼ºè°æ¶é´é¡ºåºã
e.g. I) When he got home, his wife had already prepared the dinner. (ä»å家åé¥å·²å好ã)
II) When he got home, he saw a letter on his desk. (ä»å家åçå°æ¡ä¸æä¸å°ä¿¡ã)
ä¸ãç°å¨è¿è¡æ¶
ç°å¨è¿è¡æ¶ä¸»è¦ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºï¼
1. ç°å¨æç°å¨è¿ä¸é¶æ®µæ£å¨è¿è¡çå¨ä½ã
e.g. I) They are making preparations for it.
II) He is showing a foreign guest round the city.
2. ä¸ä¸ªå¨æè¿æ计åæå®æè¦è¿è¡çå¨ä½ãä½è¿åªéäºå°æ°å¨è¯ï¼å¦go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, do, playçã
e.g. I) We are leaving on Friday.
II) I am seeing the doctor today.
3. ææ¶ç¨æ¥ä»£æ¿ä¸è¬ç°å¨æ¶ï¼è¡¨ç¤ºä¸ä¸ªç»å¸¸æ§å¨ä½æç¶æï¼é常æ¯ä¸ºäºè¡¨ç¤ºä¸ç§ææ
ï¼å¦èµå¹ãåç¦çï¼ã
e.g. I) He is constantly complaining about his teacher. ä»èæ¯æ±æ¨ä»çèå¸ã
II) How are you feeling today?
III) He is always boasting. ä»èç±è¯´å¤§è¯ã
beé´æå¯ä»¥ç¨å¨è¿è¡æ¶æï¼è¡¨ç¤ºä¸æ¶ç表ç°ã
e.g. I) The boy is being difficult. è¿ç·å©æ£å¨é¹å«æã(å¯è½ä»å¹³æ¶å¾å¬è¯çã)
II) Frank is being a good boy today. å¼å
°å
ä»å¤©å¾ä¹ãï¼å¯è½ä»å¹³æ¶å¹¶ä¸ä¹ãï¼
å
«ãè¿å»è¿è¡æ¶
è¿å»è¿è¡ä½åç°å¨è¿è¡ä½çç¨æ³ç¸ä»¿ï¼åªæ¯æ¶é´åè¿å»æ¨ç§»èå·²ãè¿å»è¿è¡æ¶è¡¨ç¤ºè¿å»ææ¶ææææ¶ææ£å¨è¿è¡çå¨ä½ã
e.g. I) What were you doing when I called?
II) What were you doing last night at 10 oâclock?
ä¹ãå°æ¥è¿è¡æ¶
å°æ¥è¿è¡æ¶è¡¨ç¤ºå°æ¥ææ¶æææ¶ææ£å¨è¿è¡çå¨ä½ã
e.g. I) I donât know what my wife will be doing when I return home.
II) When I prepare for the college entrance examination (é«è), my sister will be taking her vacation (度å) at the seaside.
åãç°å¨å®æè¿è¡æ¶
ç°å¨å®æè¿è¡æ¶å¯ä»¥ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºï¼
1. 表示ç°å¨ææ¶å»ä¹åä¸ç´å¨è¿è¡ççå¨ä½ï¼è¿ä¸ªå¨ä½å¯è½å·²ç»å®æï¼ä¹å¯è½ä»å¨è¿è¡ã
e.g. I) How long has it been raining?
II) I have been working on my paper for five years.
2. æäºå»¶ç»å¨è¯å¦live, study, teach, workççç°å¨å®ææ¶ä¸ç°å¨å®æè¿è¡æ¶çåºå«ä¸å¤§ï¼é½è¡¨ç¤ºå»¶ç»ä¸æ®µæ¶é´çå¨ä½ï¼ç°å¨å®ææ¶æ´å¼ºè°å¨ä½ç延ç»æ§ã
e.g. I) I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.
II) How long have you taught English here? = How long have you been teaching English here?
ä½æ¯ï¼å¤æ°å»¶ç»æ§å¨è¯çç°å¨å®ææ¶ä¸ç°å¨å®æè¿è¡æ¶è¡¨è¾¾çæä¹ææä¸åã
e.g. He has been writing this morning and has written four letters.
åä¸ãè¿å»å®æè¿è¡æ¶
è¿å»å®æè¿è¡æ¶ç主è¦ç¨æ³ä¸ç°å¨å®æè¿è¡æ¶çç¨æ³ç¸ä»¿ï¼åªæ¯æ¶é´æ¨ç§»å°äºè¿å»ã
e.g. I) They had been waiting for half an hour before the bus came.
II) The fire had been burning for over a week.
åäºãå°æ¥å®æè¿è¡æ¶
å°æ¥å®æè¿è¡æ¶å°æ¥ææ¶å»åä¸ç´è¿è¡çå¨ä½ã
e.g. I) By next year he will have been teaching English for 30 years.
II) In an hour you will have been surfing the net (ä¸ç½) for 5 hours today.
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