which that 可以引导定语从句,并且都可以在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。
which指代的先行词只能是物,that指代的先行词既可以是物,也可以是人。
在下列三种情况下只能用which,不能用that:
1、紧跟在介词后面。如:
This is the very pen, with which I have written many articles.
2、which后面有插入语。如:
This is the gramma book which, as I have told you, will improve your English.
3、引导非限制性定语从句。如:
She has a house, which was built last year.
但在下列六种情况下只能用that:
1、先行词有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,必用that。如:
It is the first shop that lies at the foot of the mountain.
2、在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that。如:
All that haven't been done must be done at once.
3、先行词既有人,又有物时,只用that。如:
We finally saw the school and teachers that we haven't seen for nearly ten years.
4、在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。如:
There is a ruler that is made of wood.
5、先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。如:
Lucy is the only girl that comes from America.
6、 关系代词在从句中作表语并带有类比含义时, 通常只用that, 不用which. 如:
He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。
who只能指代人,在从句中作主语或宾语(但不能用在介词后面,介词后面只能用whom)。
I saw a man who is a teacher.我看见一个当老师的人。
whom也只能指代人,在从句中只能作宾语。
I saw a man pass by with whom was a lovely dog.我看见一个男人从我身边走过,跟它在一起的是一条可爱的狗。
whose在从句中只能作定语,修饰某个名词,这个名词可以是人,也可以是物。如:
I saw a house whose roof was broken.我看见一座屋顶已经坍塌了的房子。
I met a woman whose dress was very beautiful.我看见一个穿着很好看的裙子的妇女。
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