本文主要讲授了现今美国高校的趋势-聘用兼职教授取代传统的终生教授。并才多方面检视了其优缺点。下面是我根据个人理解的翻译，希望能帮到你。
你介意你的教授是兼职教授吗？
A developing trend in the world of academia is the hiring of part-time professors to teach college courses. These non-tenured teachers usually cost the universities less money per class and can often teach more up to date information. This article by US News and World Report examines the benefits and drawbacks of this new trend.
世界学术界的发展趋势是雇佣兼职教授讲授大学的课程。而在、这类非终身教授能使学校通常能花费更少的钱并且还可以教授更多的最新的信息。本文通过《美国新闻与世界报道》检视优点和缺点的新趋势。
Does It Matter That Your Professor Is Part Time?
US News & World Report
Kim Clark
November 7, 2008
你介意你的教授是兼职教授吗？
《美国新闻与世界报道
金姆•克拉克
11月7日
由于高校所面对的日益增加的成本问题，传统的身穿锦衣，嘴叼烟斗，安乐一生的全职教授就像多多鸟一样随着历史消失了吧。如今，典型的大学教授是兼职人员，为赚取额外的收入或名声，或者“自由工作者”--在好几间高校里担任老师。
Some students are benefiting from adjuncts' lower costs and, often, more practical, up-to-date instruction, of course. But there's also considerable evidence that the proliferation of adjunct professors—many of whom don't have Ph.D.'s—is dumbing down many classrooms and contributing to grade inflation.
一些学生受益于这些成本更低的老师,当然，更实际的是他们的最新的教导。但也有相当多的证据显示,这些这些兼职教授/]副教授（其中很多都是没有博士学位的）的大量增加正在使学生一直笨下去并引起分数膨胀，学位贬值。（注明：1. 分数贬值；分数通胀(指因评分过高，导致得高分者激增而使教学质量下降)2. (为提高质量的)标准改变）
Despite 20 years of booming enrollment and skyrocketing tuition, colleges have been quietly filling the majority of new openings with part-time or short-contract adjunct professors (also often called "visiting professors," "instructors," or "lecturers") instead of the traditional assistant professors who have a chance to work up to a full tenured job. In fact, the nation's graduate schools are now pumping out hundreds more Ph.D.'s each year in some disciplines than there are tenure-track openings available. The trend has become so pervasive that about two thirds of America's college instructors are now adjuncts.
尽管20年的高校招生的大量增加和学费飞涨，高校已经悄然充斥着绝大多数兼职教授或短约教授(常常被称为“客座教授”、“导师”,或“讲师”),代替传统会有机会成为终生教授的助理教授。事实上,这个国家的研究生院正抽了成千上百的博士学位的学生取代过去的传统教授。这一趋势已变得如此普遍,现在约有三分之二的美国的大学老师是兼职的。
That's generated tremendous savings for colleges. On average, traditional professors, who have tenure (or lifetime job guarantees), benefits, and campus offices, cost colleges the equivalent of about $8,000 per three-credit class, one recent study found. Adjuncts, the vast majority of whom teach only one or two courses at any particular college, cost their employers an average of about $1,800 per course. Schools not only pay adjuncts less per classroom hour but often don't offer benefits or support such as offices or secretaries.
这位高校省下了巨大的开支。据一个近期的研究表明，就拿一个享有曾任职工作保障（或终生职业保证）并拥有学校办公室的传统教授来说，每个班平均花费学校大概相当于 8,000美元。而大部分的兼职教授在任何学校只教授一门或两门课程，学校只需平均花费1800美元每课程。学校不仅仅少付了课时费，常常还不需要提供福利或办公室或秘书等的支持。
Acceleration. A few schools, such as Arizona State University, are responding to current budget shortfalls by laying off adjunct faculty. But looming financial problems are likely, over the long term, to cause many colleges to "accelerate the hiring of adjuncts," says Jane Wellman, director of the Delta Project on Postsecondary Education Costs, Productivity, and Accountability.
加速性。一些学校,如亚利桑那州立大学,通过解雇兼职教职工来应对目前预算不足。但是迫在眉睫的财务问题是可能的的,就长远来看,造成许多高校“加速雇佣兼职教授,”就大专教育费用，生产能力和责任心的三角洲计划总监简·伊洛瓦说道。
Indeed, many of the fastest-growing schools have eliminated tenure altogether. Western Governors University, a new online community college, has found that non-Ph.D.'s, on average, do a better job of motivating and counseling students through the school's computerized lessons. And the freedom to release employees whose students fail improves the quality of the education, says Robert Mendenhall, WGU's president.
事实上,许多成长最快的学校已经完全地消除任期。西方总监大学，一所新的在线社区大学，发现这些非博士学位教授能通过电脑在线课程更好的提高学生的学习欲望和服务学生。并能自由的解雇教学失败的教师从而教学质量。西部州长大学校长罗伯特·门登霍表示。
Many traditional colleges claim adjunct-taught classes are better for students than, for example, classes taught by graduate students.
许多传统的高校主张兼职教授的教导的班对学生更好,例如,研究生教授的班级。
Texas Woman's University Provost Kay Clayton says raising the share of part-time faculty about 4 percentage points to 44 percent in the past five years might be helping her students. For instance, by hiring moonlighting nurses for about $3,000 per course to teach some nursing classes, the school helped keep this year's tuition at $6,500 a year and, Clayton says, provided better teachers. "That is a real benefit to the students, because they are practitioners and bring in a wealth of experience," she says.
德克萨斯大学的副校长凯•克莱顿女子说,提高所占的份额大约4个至44个百分点的兼职教师，在过去的五年中可能会帮助她的学生。例如,通过雇用兼职护士教授一些护理课程大约3000美元每课程,学校就能把今年的学费控制在6,500美元一年,柯林顿还说,这能提供更好的老师。“这对学生来说是一个实实在在的利益,因为他们是从业者，能为学生带来丰富的经验,”她说。
In fact, one study found that in some fields—especially technical and career-related programs such as psychology, architecture, and finance—students who are taught by professionals serving as part-time instructors appear to perform better academically. Such students also take more courses in the subject.
事实上,其中的一项研究发现,在某些领域，尤其是技术和职业相关的项目，如心理学，建筑和财政学等，由兼职的专业从业员教授，学生在学业上表现得更好。这些学生也能上更多关于这个专业的课程。
But that study (and others) found, in addition, that the students of adjuncts who are teaching the basic academic disciplines, such as English, history, and pure sciences, are more likely to drop out.
但是这个研究(或其他研究)也发现，由兼职教授讲授的基本学科，如英语，历史和纯科学，学生更可能在程度上跟不上。
Despite that troubling research, more than half of all English professors are now not on the tenure track. And many adjuncts say most colleges provide them with so little support, job security, and money that it is inevitable that their students will underperform.
撇开这令人困扰的研究,我们还发现超过一半的英文教授不是正职教授。许多兼职教授提到学校给他们提供的支持，工作保障和工资都太少，这必然导致他们的学生表现不如理想。
Since schools usually look at student evaluations to determine whether or not to invite adjuncts back, Lila Harper, who has a Ph.D. in English literature and teaches writing and literature at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Wash., finds herself grading a little easier than she likes and avoiding controversial subjects. "We are gradually undermining the value of a college degree," she fears.
由于学校往往是通过对学生的评估来决定是否要雇用的兼职教授,“我们正逐渐削弱了大学学位的价值,”拥有英语文学博士并在中心华盛顿大学教授写作和文学的丽娜•哈珀担忧地说。她发现自己会提供更简单的内容并避免争议的主题。
Harper, who is a full-time adjunct, says that because she has no chance at tenure, she stopped teaching a course that included Thomas Mann's novella Death in Venice after a student objected on religious grounds. (The main character, a middle-aged writer, struggles with an unexpected passion for a young boy as he also confronts his mortality and his moral duty to warn the youngster to flee a coming plague.) "I am disposable," Harper says. "If they can save face by firing me, they will fire me, so I try to pick topics that are not controversial."
哈珀，一个全职的副教授，说,因为她没有机会成为终生教授,由于一名学生出于宗教的原因反对，她取消了其中的一个教学课程,包括托马斯•曼的中篇小说魂断威尼斯。（男主角是一名中年作家。他在面临自己的死忙以及他的道德责任前，正挣扎着是否该去提醒一个分外热情的小男孩逃离了即将到来的瘟疫。)“我是可解雇的”,哈普尔先生说道。“如果他们能通过解雇我而挽回面子,他们就会解雇我,所以我会挑选一些无争议性的话题教授。”
Multiple choice. Another adjunct, who teaches speech and communications part time at private Midwestern colleges and asked not to be named, says that only by teaching six to nine courses a semester (at about $2,000 a course) can he make the $25,000 to $30,000 a year he needs to cover his basic living costs. So he spends 12 to 13 hours a day driving to part-time jobs at different colleges, teaching, and grading. "I give multiple-choice tests because I don't have time to grade essays," he says. And when one private college, eager to increase enrollment, recently asked him to pass a flunk-ing student who would otherwise have dropped out, he says he had little choice but to agree, since he wants to be invited back to teach again next semester.
多项选择题。另一个不愿透露姓名并在私人中西部学院教授演说和沟通的兼职教授说，只有一个学期教授六到九个课程(大约2000美元每课程),年薪才能有2.5万美元到3万美元,他才能赚取足够的基本生活费。所以他每天需花12至13小时开车去不同的学校，不同的课程和不同的年级做兼职工作。“我之所以给多项选择题测试,是因为我没有时间去修改论文,”他说。当一个私立大学,渴望提高招生,最近要求他让一个不及格的学生及格，否则改名学生就会退学,他说他别无选择只能同意,因为他想在下一学期被再请回去执教。
Sometimes, he thinks of how each of the 20 or 30 students in his classes is paying about $2,000 in tuition and fees for each course. The classes generate at least $40,000, which means the colleges pass on to him only about 5 percent of the students' tuition. Although the adjunct, who has a master's degree, gets top ratings from his students, he doesn't get raises. The colleges "always say, 'We know that you are worth more than this, but we don't have the money.' "
有时,他会想到正在上着他的课的学生，每20或30每节课大约需付2000美元的学费和费用。这个班至少有4万美元,这意味着学校只给他学生的大约百分之五的学费。虽然这个兼职教授拥有硕士学位,从他的学生获得最高评论,但是他并没有得到加薪。这个学院总是说,“我们知道你应值得比你所得的更多,但是我们没钱。”
Meanwhile, to get to his classrooms, he drives past cranes erecting "million-dollar dorms and athletic facilities," he notes. He is often tempted to find steadier, more lucrative work. But "I love teaching, being exposed to the students, their ideas and energy." If he did quit, he knows there are dozens of professionals eager to take his place. "If the university can get something cheaper," he says, "it will."
同时,为了去他的教室,他开车过去的起重机，“百万美元的宿舍和运动设备,”他说明道。他经常想找到较稳定,更赚钱的工作。但是“我热爱教书,让学生表达他们的思想和发挥他们的精力。”如果他真的离开,他知道有很多很多的专业人士想取代他的位置。“如果学校可以请到更便宜的人,”他说,“它一定会让那些人取代我的。”
温馨提示：答案为网友推荐，仅供参考