如何克服高考英语阅读理解中的长难句障碍高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些 阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀 杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。 试看从 NMET2001 E 篇择选的一长句： When a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a tan say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa． 该句后半句实际上包含有四个宾语从句和一个状语从句，hear 后跟宾语从句，省略引导词(that)，这个 宾语从句中动词 say 又带了一个由(that) 引导的分宾语从句。 而这个宾语从中动词 know 又带了一个仍由(hat) 引导的分宾语从句，这个分宾语从句中有一个 until 引导的时间状语从句．句中分词 asking 作状语，后又接 了一个 if 引导的宾语从句，五个从句盘根错节。令人眼花缭乱。 再如 NMET2002 D 篇中第二段最后一句： He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773． 此句长达 65 个单词，结构比较复杂，句中包括一个并列句、两处并列谓语、三个宾语从句、一个状语 从句。外加插入成分。在并列句中，but 把前后两个分句连接起来，前一个分中有 found out 和 thought 两个 并列谓语．后一个分句中有一个 until 导的时间状语从句，该时间状语从句中已有 came across 和 learnt 两个 并列谓语。 其实，再复杂的复合句，只要能恰当地运用句法知识进性结构和功能分析，就可突破其含义，准确地 理解短文大意，获取重要信息。 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词 and，but，or 等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句) 三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析 出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的： so that，for the purpose that，in order that 等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，as a result，therefore， thus 等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless 等；表示原因：because，since，as 等。 【例 l】 Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better．(NMETl995 C 篇) 析：这是一个含有 that 引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了 which 引导的非限制性定语从 句。非限制性定语从句内有 not only…but also…连接的并列结构。句意：噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就 是没有必要使用消声器．这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。 【例 2】 even have different words for some tools, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in We the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming， while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating． (NMET2001D 篇) 析：whether…or…表示判断选择的搭配结构，which 引出定语从句，指代前文中的事实，that 引出同 位语从句，while 引出状语从旬，表示对比。句意：我们甚至用不同的词语来表示食物，特别是肉类，取决 于它们是否还在田问里，还是即将就厨。这表明撒可逊农民干的是农活而上层的诺曼人干的是吃喝。 【例 3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car， the owner， have to pay for any damage done to the car， as you even if your dog has been killed in the accident． (NMETl997 C 篇) 析：该句前半部分 explain 接 what 引导的宾语从句：后半部分对此进行具体解释，其中，在主句前后 各有一个 if 导的条件状语从句和 even if 引导的让步状语从句。 the owner 是插入语。 as 句意： 一个瑞典 Kennel 俱乐部的官员解释了这项(法律)的含义，如果你的狗跑到公路上被汽车撞了。作为主人。即使你的狗被撞 死了，你也要为被撞坏的汽车做出赔偿。 【例 4】First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head， and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw (缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize SO dearly won．(2005 全国 I 卷 E 篇) 析：全句是由 and 连接的两个并列分句，在前半句中含有 which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰整个主 句．在定语从句中，means 后接宾语从句，意为“首先，我必在叶丛中找到红的西红柿，这意味着我差不多 要倒立了”。在后半句中 once found 为一省略 they are 的时状语从句。主句中 reach，pick，withdraw 为并列 谓语动词，意为“一旦发现，我必须伸手到底下摘西红柿，然后缩回来，而不把用这么昂贵的方式得来的 奖品弄丢”。 【例 5】 is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers， It although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet． 析： 此句夹杂较复杂的句型结构。 although 引导的让步状语从句中， 主干部分为 just about anyone can tell you that…在 that 引导的宾语从句中又含有 when 引导的时间状语从句。句意：由于因特网的使用。计算机 所使用的纸张的数量是很难衡量的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人都能告诉你。当引进电子邮件后，打 印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于越来越多的使用因特网。 【例 6】 Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundlesor struggling with their ballalators through the circle, These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply can't think of． 析：后句包含两个定语从句，一个是由 which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰 words；一个是由 that 引导 的定语从句修饰 things and ideas。该句意为：这些字是我编造的，必定代表我们没有想到的事物和主意。 二、抓主干、剔从句 抓主干、 一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语 等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句 和若干个状语从句组成的一个多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻 辑关系搞清楚了，则长难句就好对付了。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个 长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。如： 【例 1】 One tiny 9 inch-plant bought for $ 1.25 in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, covering much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front door. (2005 全国 I 卷 E 篇) 析： 句子主干部分为 one tiny 9-inch plant has already taken over much of my rose bed and…。 bought 短语、 covering 短语分别作定语和状语。句意：一个在春天时花$1．25 买的九英寸植物已经接管了我的玫瑰苗圃， 覆盖了我的其他植物。正在向前门发展。 【例 2】Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention． (2005 全国 I 卷 D 篇 1 析：句子主干部分为 Lewis found that…，在 that 引导的宾语从句中，含有两个 who 引导的定语从句。 修饰 the oldest child 和 the youngest。句意：莱温斯发现在有三、四个孩子的家庭里，晚餐的谈话焦点往往 是年龄最大和最小的孩子。最大的总是有许多的东西要说，而最小的则需要最多的关照。 【例 3】 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.. (NMET2002 春招 D 篇) 析：第一个 that 引出宾语从句，第二个 that 引出定语从句。第三个 that 引出同位语从句。句意：Pasteur 发现 (宾语从句) 在酒发酵之后，再加温几分钟，能杀死残留在酒中的酵母(定语从句)，其结果能使酒的保 鲜时间更长(同位语从句。 【例 4】 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old boy who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation．(NMET2002 春招 E 篇) 析：在这个句子中，what 引出主语从句。who 引出定语从句，is 后用 that 引出两个并列表语从句。句 意：关于那个救了他的命的 19 岁的人 (定语从句) winter 知道的仅仅是，(主语从句) 他死于一场车祸(表语 从句 1)，他的家人尊重他的意愿把他的器官捐献出来，用于移植(表语从句 2)。 【例 5】 First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able t study at the Ecole polytechnique. (NMET2003C 篇) 析：句子主干部分为 the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，过去分词短语 put forward by…作状语，现在分词短语 including…作定语，短语中含有两个由 wh0 引导的定语从句。句意： 这个定理．先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难。包括一位法国女科 学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习曾女扮男装。 三、抓关键词 关键词即为含有句子主要意思的关键信息，抓住关键词读者可以快速抓住该句大意和理解线索。 【例 1】 Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the program and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet，whether it be cat, dog or snake! (NMET2003C 篇) 析：关键词：fans…爱好者．whether…or…无论是……还是……句意：来自动物医院(这个电视节目)的故 事(这本书)，将使这个电视节目的爱好者以及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人感到高 兴。 【例 2】After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receive a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure． 析：句中含两个分词短语，关键词 state“表明”。句意：在他们逗留之后。所有的游客都会收到一份生 存证明记录他们的成功．也就是说当游客离开小冰屋旅馆时，他们会得到一份证明．表明他们曾尝试过冒 险。
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