“后现代”这个词，是从时间的角度下定义，也就是拆迁，对“现代”的拆迁。
“后结构”这个词，是从符号的角度下定义，也就是拆散。对“符号”的拆散。
「后现代」社会越来越多元与分化,在后现化的「信息社会」中,个人由生产者转型成为消费者,个人主义取代阶级、宗教或种族的认同与忠诚。主导社会的单位由大企业转变成各分散在各领域的知识分子,但与过去的中产阶级不同,这些知识分子不再忠诚于主流价值观。
由此可知,后现代是的基础来自于一个事实,欧美国家由现代自然转变到下一时代。后现代主义则是特指文化上的转变,因此后现代主义不是「一种主义」,而是包含在建筑学、文学批评、心理分析学、法律学、教育学、社会学、政治学等领域,一系列此时代「主义」的统称。
后现代主义本身没有一套统一的思想内涵,其子理论却有一个共通点,对任何被宜称为真理的论说抱持批判性的态度。源于启蒙时代,成熟于现代的思想都含有基础论(Foundationalism)的主张,即相信一套基础假说是绝对正确--奉为原则,由此推论出的理论才是最接近客观真理或普偏性的价值,并而相信它们能指导人类「进步」,不以此原则推论的理论都是错误的。
现代的意识型态理论,最著明的有马克思主义和自由主义,研究方法论上,影响现在最深远的有行为主义和实证主义,前两者的分歧引起了冷战,后两者被奉上科学的名号,以可证伪性、重视经验观察和主张实验结果量化,强力地影响了世界上每个人的生活。特别强调, 广泛的结构主义企图探索一个文化意义是透过什么样的相互关系（也就是结构）被表达出来。其实也假设了,一个文化有可能找到永恒普偏性的结构,而且找到后可以带来「进步」。
现代的理论都含有基础论, 结构主义也包含基础论, 结构主义属于现代的一部分,因此后现代主义和后结构主义的共通点都是批判基础论(Foundationalism)。
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第1个回答 推荐于2017-10-09
Post-structuralism
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Jump to: navigation, search
Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century French philosophy. The prefix "post" refers to the fact that many contributors, such as Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, and Julia Kristeva, rejected structuralism and became quite critical of it. In direct contrast to structuralism's claims of an independent signifier, superior to the signified, post-structuralism views the signifier and signified as inseparable but not united. The Post-structuralist movement is closely related to postmodernism—but the two concepts are not synonymous.
While post-structuralism is difficult to define or summarize, it can be broadly understood as a body of distinct reactions to structuralism. There are two main reasons for this difficulty. First, it rejects definitions that claim to have discovered absolute "truths" or facts about the world.[1] Second, very few thinkers have willingly accepted the label 'post-structuralist'; rather, they have been labeled as such by others. Consequently, no one has felt compelled to construct a "manifesto" of post-structuralism. Indeed, it would be inconsistent with post-structuralist concepts to codify itself in such a way.[2]
后结构主义是指跟随在结构主义觉醒之后出现的一套思想，它试图去了解这个无法挽回地被分割成数个体系的世界。
后结构主义者与它的结构主义前辈最明显不同的地方在于，他们抛弃了结构主义的简化主义方法论。他们挑战结构主义宣称自己是能够诠释所有文本的批评后设语言（metalanguage），并且认为一个文本之外中立全知的观点是不可能存在的。后结构主义者追求的是意符的无限扮演（play），并且不会给予任何一种阅读方法比其他方法还要更高的地位。也因此，后结构主义领域中很少有互相一致的理论，但是每个理论都是从对结构主义的批判为起点。而后结构主义的研究是带有政治性的，因为许多后结构主义者相信，我们认为我们居住的这个世界事实上只是一个社会建构，在当中有许多不同的意识形态推动着想要成为霸权。
一些主要的后结构主义者有德里达、傅柯、罗兰·巴特（至少在后期的著作中）以及或许有争议的布什亚。
Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement'. While "modern" itself refers to something "related to the present", the movement of modernism and the following reaction of postmodernism are defined by a set of perspectives. It is used in critical theory to refer to a point of departure for works of literature, drama, architecture, and design, as well as in marketing and business and the interpretation of history, law and culture in the late 20th century.
Postmodernism is an aesthetic, literary, political or social philosophy, which was the basis of the attempt to describe a condition, or a state of being, or something concerned with changes to institutions and conditions (as in Giddens, 1990) as postmodernity. In other words, postmodernism is the "cultural and intellectual phenomenon", especially since the 1920s' new movements in the arts, while postmodernity focuses on social and political outworkings and innovations globally, especially since the 1960s in the West.
The term postmodern is described by Merriam-Webster as meaning either of, relating to, or being an era after a modern one or of, relating to, or being any of various movements in reaction to modernism that are typically characterized by a return to traditional materials and forms (as in architecture) or by ironic self-reference and absurdity (as in literature), or finally of, relating to, or being a theory that involves a radical reappraisal of modern assumptions about culture, identity, history, or language.[1]
The American Heritage Dictionary describes the meaning of the same term as Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes: “It [a roadhouse]is so architecturally interesting . . . with its postmodern wooden booths and sculptural clock” (Ruth Reichl, Cook's November 1989).
后现代主义(Postmodernism)是一个从理论上难以精准下定论的一种概念，因为后现代主要理论家，均反对以各种约定成俗的形式，来界定或者规范其主义。目前，在建筑学、文学批评、心理分析学、法律学、教育学、社会学、政治学等诸多领域，均就当下的后现代境况，提出了自成体系的论述。他们各自都反对以特定方式来继承固有或者既定的理念。由于它是由多重艺术主义融合而成的派别，因此要为后现代主义进行精辟且公式化的解说是无法完成的。若以单纯的历史发展角度来说，最早出现后现代主义的是哲学和建筑学。当中领先其他范畴的，尤其是六十年以来的建筑师，由于反对全球性风格（International Style）缺乏人文关注，引起不同建筑师的大胆创作，发展出既独特又多元化的后现代式建筑方案。而哲学界则先后出现不同学者就相类似的人文境况进行解说，其中能够为后现代主义大略性表述的哲学文本，可算是法国的解构主义了。本回答被提问者采纳
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century French philosophy. The prefix "post" refers to the fact that many contributors, such as Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, and Julia Kristeva, rejected structuralism and became quite critical of it. In direct contrast to structuralism's claims of an independent signifier, superior to the signified, post-structuralism views the signifier and signified as inseparable but not united. The Post-structuralist movement is closely related to postmodernism—but the two concepts are not synonymous.
While post-structuralism is difficult to define or summarize, it can be broadly understood as a body of distinct reactions to structuralism. There are two main reasons for this difficulty. First, it rejects definitions that claim to have discovered absolute "truths" or facts about the world.[1] Second, very few thinkers have willingly accepted the label 'post-structuralist'; rather, they have been labeled as such by others. Consequently, no one has felt compelled to construct a "manifesto" of post-structuralism. Indeed, it would be inconsistent with post-structuralist concepts to codify itself in such a way.[2]
后结构主义是指跟随在结构主义觉醒之后出现的一套思想，它试图去了解这个无法挽回地被分割成数个体系的世界。
后结构主义者与它的结构主义前辈最明显不同的地方在于，他们抛弃了结构主义的简化主义方法论。他们挑战结构主义宣称自己是能够诠释所有文本的批评后设语言（metalanguage），并且认为一个文本之外中立全知的观点是不可能存在的。后结构主义者追求的是意符的无限扮演（play），并且不会给予任何一种阅读方法比其他方法还要更高的地位。也因此，后结构主义领域中很少有互相一致的理论，但是每个理论都是从对结构主义的批判为起点。而后结构主义的研究是带有政治性的，因为许多后结构主义者相信，我们认为我们居住的这个世界事实上只是一个社会建构，在当中有许多不同的意识形态推动着想要成为霸权。
一些主要的后结构主义者有德里达、傅柯、罗兰·巴特（至少在后期的著作中）以及或许有争议的布什亚。
Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement'. While "modern" itself refers to something "related to the present", the movement of modernism and the following reaction of postmodernism are defined by a set of perspectives. It is used in critical theory to refer to a point of departure for works of literature, drama, architecture, and design, as well as in marketing and business and the interpretation of history, law and culture in the late 20th century.
Postmodernism is an aesthetic, literary, political or social philosophy, which was the basis of the attempt to describe a condition, or a state of being, or something concerned with changes to institutions and conditions (as in Giddens, 1990) as postmodernity. In other words, postmodernism is the "cultural and intellectual phenomenon", especially since the 1920s' new movements in the arts, while postmodernity focuses on social and political outworkings and innovations globally, especially since the 1960s in the West.
The term postmodern is described by Merriam-Webster as meaning either of, relating to, or being an era after a modern one or of, relating to, or being any of various movements in reaction to modernism that are typically characterized by a return to traditional materials and forms (as in architecture) or by ironic self-reference and absurdity (as in literature), or finally of, relating to, or being a theory that involves a radical reappraisal of modern assumptions about culture, identity, history, or language.[1]
The American Heritage Dictionary describes the meaning of the same term as Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes: “It [a roadhouse]is so architecturally interesting . . . with its postmodern wooden booths and sculptural clock” (Ruth Reichl, Cook's November 1989).
后现代主义(Postmodernism)是一个从理论上难以精准下定论的一种概念，因为后现代主要理论家，均反对以各种约定成俗的形式，来界定或者规范其主义。目前，在建筑学、文学批评、心理分析学、法律学、教育学、社会学、政治学等诸多领域，均就当下的后现代境况，提出了自成体系的论述。他们各自都反对以特定方式来继承固有或者既定的理念。由于它是由多重艺术主义融合而成的派别，因此要为后现代主义进行精辟且公式化的解说是无法完成的。若以单纯的历史发展角度来说，最早出现后现代主义的是哲学和建筑学。当中领先其他范畴的，尤其是六十年以来的建筑师，由于反对全球性风格（International Style）缺乏人文关注，引起不同建筑师的大胆创作，发展出既独特又多元化的后现代式建筑方案。而哲学界则先后出现不同学者就相类似的人文境况进行解说，其中能够为后现代主义大略性表述的哲学文本，可算是法国的解构主义了。本回答被提问者采纳
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