英语非谓语的资料

如题所述

第一部分: 非谓语动词用法详解
一、不定式的用法
1. 不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例):
主动式 被动式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing /
完成进行式 to have been doing /
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如:
They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如:
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3) 不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如:
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。
4) 不定式的完成进行式
如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作,就需要用完成进行式。如:
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。
5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如:
Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
6) 疑问词+动词不定式:
不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用。
注意: why与不带to的不定式连用,其它的词应与带to的不定式连用。
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. (SBⅢ P32)
I’m not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. (SBⅢ P1)
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
听到这个消息,他不知道该哭还是该笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。
Why do that? = Why did you do that? 你为什么要那么做?
Why not do it yourself? = Why don’t you do it yourself? 你为什么不自己做呢?
介词后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如:
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。 
7) 不定式的被动式:
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式,to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如:
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
对他来说,被老师责备是一件好事。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是会上最后一个被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.
我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的语法作用
1) 不定式作主语:
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。
在很多情况下,人们通常用it作为形式上的主语,而把不定式短语移到谓语之后,使句子显得平稳一些。如:
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.
听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。
2) 不定式作表语:
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。
3) 不定式作宾语:
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我问到他的时候,他假装读过这本书。
另外,不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时,人们常常用it代表不定式,而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如:
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你认为这样翻译是不是更好?
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
4) 不定式作补语:
①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语,这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如:
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。
注意:动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如:
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子?
②在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中,动词不定式不带to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.
他们每天让孩子晚上7:00上床睡觉。
注意:get, leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思,和使役动词意思相近,但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如:
I’ll get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?
你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭?
注意:当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时,不定式就成了主语补语,作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如:
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹,但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。如:
When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
她醒来的时候,发现自己受了重伤。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好,很诚实。
含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时,不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如:
The young man was considered to have great promise. 这个年轻人被认为大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形势看来很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中,动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如:
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
据报道,有20多个人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.
他被汽车撞的时候,我碰巧在和他谈话。
5) 不定式作定语:
不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后,以下几种情况常用不定式作定语:
①能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语,常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如:
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.
我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。
②常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语,常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如:
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.
他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。
③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。如:
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.
下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。
④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如:person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如:
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。
⑤如果不定式和所修饰的名词是动宾关系的话,不定式动词是不及 物动词,则须加适当的介词。如:
I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔。
There are enough chairs for the guests to sit on. 有足够的椅子给客人坐。
They have a large house to live in. 他们住在一座大房子里。
I want to buy a pen to write with. 我想买一支笔写字用。
Please give me a knife to cat with. 请给我一把切东西的刀。
There is nothing for you to worry about. 没有什么可让你担心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选,但我不知道该借哪一本。
6) 不定式作状语:
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
① 不定式作目的状语,有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如:
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏,妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。
注意:so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作结果状语,常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如:
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说,这个问题很难回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.
他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗?
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。
注意:too…to通常表示太……而不……,但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。
③不定式作原因状语,通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有:happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如:
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息,他们很惊讶。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年,我们感到很骄傲。
另外,hard, difficult, easy, fit,comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候,作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外,还可以是表示物的词。如:
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。
注意:后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系,此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则需要带上适当的介词。
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第1个回答  2016-01-01
  动词不定式:(to)+ do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
  否定式:not + (to) do
  动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
  动名词的形式:Ving
  否定式:not + 动名词
  现在分词:现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
  现在分词的形式:
  否定式:not + 现在分词
第2个回答  2015-12-31
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。
一、动词不定式。
动词不定式由to加动词原形构成,具有名词、形容词和副词的性质。
To learn Spanish is very difficult.
Give me something to eat.
He went to that restaurant to eat pizza.
I want you to tell me the truth.
I saw a boy put the chocolate into his pocket.
I felt my heart beat violently.
The mother made the boy turn off the TV.
I found it difficult to learn Spanish.
My object was to go to an ideal college.
二、动名词。
动名词由动词加上-ing构成,具有名词的性质,如:
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
Learning Spanish is very difficult.
You have to give up smoking.
三、分词。
分词有现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成,规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成,不规则动词的过去分词要逐个记忆。分词具有形容词和副词的性质,如:
The woman waving from the window is my mother.
I know the girl talking to the teacher.
Dresses made of silk are very expensive.
Having finished his pipe, he rose immediately.
Having been brought up in Paris, she can speak French very well.
第3个回答  2015-12-04
  非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。

  动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。
  Climbing mountain is a good exercise.
  (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用)

  Do you know the man wearing a white shirt.
  (wearing ..分词起形容词作用)

  He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch
  ...不定式起副词作用)

  谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别:

  1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
  Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches
  动词作谓语)

  Mr. Li came to our classroom to have a talk with
  us last week.
  (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)

  2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
  Mike likes the pop music. (动词用单数第三人称形式)
  Lucy has nothing to do today。(do 用原形)

  非谓语动词的特征:
  1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词,后面须跟宾语。

  Studying English is my favorite.(studying 后跟宾语)
  To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语)

  2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。

  Working under such a condition is terrible.
  (under such a condition 是 working 的状语)

  It's too difficult for him to master English in
  such a short time. (for him 作不定式的逻辑主语)

  3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
  I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.(to have
  kept...是不定式的完成形式)
  Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more
  beautiful. (Seen from...是分词的被动形式)

  4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
  Our coming made him happy.(coming 起名词作用)
  There are two big swimming pools here. (swimming
  起形容词作用)
  非谓语动词的形式变化:
  不定式 主 动 被 动
  一 般  to write  to be written

  进 行  to be writing

  完 成  to have written   to have been
  written
  完成进行  to have been writing

  现 在 分 词  主 动  被 动

  一 般  writing  being
  written

  完 成  having written   having been
  written

  过去分词  主动 被 动

  一般   written

  动名词  主动 被 动

  一般  writing being written

  完成  having written  having been written

  ●动 词 不 定 式:
  动词不定式是由 to +
  动词原形构成,在句中起名词,形容词和副词的作用,可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。
  1. 动词不定式作主语:
  To mast a language is not an easy thing.

  To teach English is my favorite.

  It's my pleasure to help you.

  动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面,而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。
  It's very kind of you to have given us much help.
  你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。
  It's necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者。
  2. 动词不定式作宾语:
  某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语,这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin,
  want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.
  What I wish is to learn English well.
  I like to help others if I can.
  3. 动词不定式作宾语补语 。
  We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。
  Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。
  4. 动词不定式作表语 :
  What I should do is to finish the task soon.
  我应该做的是赶快完成任务。
  The most urgent thing is to find the boy
  immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子。

  5. 动词不定式作定语:
  There are many ways to solve the problem.
  有许多方法能解决这个问题。
  I have something important to tell you.
  我有重要的事情要告诉你。
  6. 不定式作状语:
  We went to the hospital to see our teacher.
  我们去医院看了我们的老师。

  She is making a test to get a kind of useful
  medicine from a Tibet flower.
  她在做试验,从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。
  动词不定式的否定形式:
  not + to + 动词原形
  The teacher told us not to swim in that river.
  老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。
  It's unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。
  带疑问词的不定式:
  疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why
  可以加在不定式的前面,构成不定式短语,使含义更加具体。
  Where to go is not known yet.去什么地方还不知道。
  I don't know when to begin. 我不知道什么时间开始。
  Can you tell me where to get the battery.
  你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗?

  Do you know how to get to the station. 你知道怎样去车站吗?
  带逻辑主语的不定式:
  动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语,构成方法是: for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。
  注意:逻辑主语用宾格形式, for 本身无实际意义,它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。

  It's necessary for us to help each other.
  我们互相帮忙是必要的。
  There are much work for me to finish, 有许多工作要我去完成。
  动词不定式的被动形式: 表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系 。
  He is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。
  There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。

  ● 动 名 词

  动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成,同现在分词形式一样,在句中可作主语, 宾语,表语和定语。
  1) 动名词作主语:
  Talking like that is not polite.

  Learning from others is important .

  Putting on more clothes is not so good .
  (注:动名词可以象动词不定式一样,用 it 先行祠代替, 而把动名词写在后面。
  It's no use waiting here, let's go home.

  It's very difficult climbing this mountain.
  2) 动名词作表语

  The nurse's job is looking after the patients.

  Seeing is believing.

  3) 动名词作宾语
  有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish,
  stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep.
  Please stop smoking in the house.
  I like reading in the forest.
  Do you mind my opening the windows?

  4)动名词作定语
  She is studying in the reading room.
  He slept in the sleeping bag.
  (动名词的否定形式:not + 动名词
  He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。
  We considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事 。
  动名词的被动形式 :
  (当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时,用动名词的被动形式来表示。)

  His being looked down upon made him sick.
  I can't really stand being treated like that.

  
第4个回答  2015-11-20
非谓语动词总结:
一.后面可跟动词的ing形式的情况
1.动词: finish doing sth.完成做某事;enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事;practice doing sth. 练习做某事;imagine doing,想象做某事;avoid doing sth.避免做某事;consider doing sth.考虑做某事;suggest doing sth.建议做某事;mind doing sth.介意做某事; keep doing sth.持续做某事
2.固定短语: feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事;be busy doing sth.忙于做某事;be worth doing 值得做某事;spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事; have difficult/trouble in doing sth做某事有困难;have fun doing.做某事高兴
3.介词后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等)
如:be good at doing sth.;thank you for doing sth.;give up doing sth.;stop sb. from doing sth.;do well in doing sth.;be afraid of doing sth.;be interested in doing sth.;be proud of;instead of;be fond of
4.to作介词的情况look forward to doing sth期望做某事; prefer doing sth. to doing sth与…相比较更喜欢…; pay attention to doing注意做某事; be/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事;make a contribution to为…做贡献
二.后面可跟动词的不定式形式的情况
1.动词:agree to do同意去做;afford to do买得起;decide to do决定去做某事;hope to do希望去做;wish to do希望去做;fail to do做某事失败去;plan to do打算去做;pretend to do假装去做; refuse to do拒绝去做;would like to do想要去做;want to do想要去做某事;learn to do 学做;prefer to do sth. 喜欢(爱)做某事;sb. seem to do sth好像做某事;want/would like to do sth. 想做……;used to do sth. 过去常做某事
2.句型.
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事
asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事)
tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去(不要)做某事
follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事
get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事
warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事)
be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶
be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事
be excited to do sth. 对做……感到兴奋
be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事
be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事
be/get ready to do sth.准备做某事
be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉
be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇
can’t wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事
get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会
It’s + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)怎么样
It’s +adj. +(of sb.) to do sth.
It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事(常考)
It’s best for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的
It’s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了
too…(for sb.) to …太……以致不能…… ==not… enough to do
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿……而不愿……(常考)
something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西(词不定式放在something等后修饰这些
Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难/容易
take turns to do sth. 轮流做……
There is no time (for sb. ) to do sth. 对(某人来说)没时间做某事了
There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事
try/do one’s best to do sth. 尽力去做某事
三、后既能跟不定式也能跟动名词的情况:
1、后加不定式或动名词意思相近的动词
有些动词接doing和to do意义相近像like(喜欢),love(喜欢),hate(憎恨),prefer(宁可),begin(开始),start(开始),continue(继续)。如:等词后加不定式或动名词区别不大:如:like to do表示想要做某一具体的动作 like dong表示一般或抽象的多次动作 它们在实际使用中区别很小。
2、后加不定式或动名词区别较大的动词:
remember to do(记住去做) remember doing(记得做过)
forget to do(忘记去做) forget doing(忘记做过)
try to do(设法做) try doing(试着做)
go on to do(接着做另一事) go on doing(继续做同一事)
stop to do(停下来去做) stop doing(停止做)
can’t help to do(不能帮助做) can’t help doing(情不自禁做)
四、后跟不带to的不定式(动词原形)的情况。
1.在感官动词和使役动词后
feel, hear,listen to,watch,look at,see, notice ,make,let,have等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时应省去不定式符号to。注意:将此句改为被动句时,省去的不定式符号to应加上。 在动词help后跟不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时,既可带to,也可不带to。
2.助动词或情态动词后:
do, did, does, will, shall, would, should, can, may, must等后面接不带to的动词不定式。
3.某些固定句型中
1)Will(Would)you please(not)...?请(不要)做某事好吗?
2)had better最好做某事
3)Why not...?为何不做某事
4) would rather(not)...宁可(不);宁愿(不)此句型也可以扩展成:would rather...than...=would...rather than...。
5)在祈使语气(或口语)中。
五.既可跟动词原形又可跟动词ing形式的情况。
see,watch,hear等动词,后面既可跟原形又可跟动名词形式,跟原形时表示做过或经常做,跟动名词时表示正在做。
see/watch sb. do sth.看到某人做过(经常做)某事 see/watch sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事
hear sb. do sth.听到某人做过(经常做)某事 hear sb. doing sth.听到某人正在做某事
第5个回答  2015-11-11
动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。
现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,因为不是谓语,也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语,分词短语,动名词短语)。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
注:动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting.
3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法
cease停止 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装
ask问 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿
care关心,喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉,遗憾
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许
start开始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意,赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝
decide决定 learn学习 vow起
contrive设法,图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议
seek找,寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使
allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使
bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示
advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求
authorize授权,委托 help帮助 recommend劝告,推荐
bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒
beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引,邀请, summon传唤
command命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve应受 leave使,让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励,力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认,自认 cease 停止 mention说到,讲到
admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢,讨厌
advocate:提倡,主张 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激,欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有,喜爱
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑,逃避
can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口
consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想,爱好
favor 造成,偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描绘,计算 miss错过 resent怨恨
finish完成,结束不得 pardon原谅,饶恕 resist抵抗,阻止
forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复
imagine设想 postpone延迟,延期 risk冒险
involve卷入,包含 practise 实行,实践 suggest建议
hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救,储蓄
keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持,忍受
loathe非常讨厌,厌恶 recall回想
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5)try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6) mean to do打算,有意要…
mean doing意味着
7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)
8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)
proposing doing建议(做某事)
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
(注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如:
I should like to see him tomorrow. 10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:
ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动
ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求
campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会
chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望
courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因
decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
5.不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。 (2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。
6.非谓语动词常考的其它结构
(1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:
When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)
注)A.有时疑问词前可用介词,如:
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how, what)+不定式:
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介词except和but作“只有…,只能…”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不带to的不定式
1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:
feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.
2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。如:
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(注):
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。
(4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如:
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词's+动名词。例如:
Tom insisted on my going with them.他坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词,如:careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me.你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。
It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
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