英语中表语，补语，定语，状语是什么？用法是怎么样的？拜托各位大神

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）

Answer 2

表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。句子的表语是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。 [编辑本段]表语的各种形式 一. 名词作表语 Africa is a big continent. （continent. 是句中的表语、） 非洲是个大洲。 That remains is a puzzle to me. （puzzle是句中的表语、） 这对我还是个难题。 二. 代词作表语 What’s your fax number? 你的传真号是多少？ Who's your best friend? 你最好的朋友是谁？ 三. 形容词作表语 I feel much better today. 我今天感觉好多了。 四. 数词作表语 She was the first to learn about it. 她是第一个知道的人。 五. 不定式或ing形式作表语 Her job is selling computers. 她的工作是销售电脑。 Our next step was to get raw materials ready. 我们下一步是把原料准备好。 六. 介词短语作表语 The patient is out of danger. 病人脱险了。 I don’t feel at ease. 我感到不自在。 七. 副词作表语 The sun is up. 太阳升起来了。 I must be off now. 现在我得走了。 八. 从句作表语 This is what he said. 这就是他所说的话。 九、不定式作表语 作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容，这时主语通常是如下名词： hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business <><><> The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 新技术的目的是使生活更便利，而不是更繁琐。 Her wish is to become a singer. 她的愿望是当一名歌手。 Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. 我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作。 [编辑本段]表语从句 在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。 What the police want to know is when you entered the room. 警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。 The trouble is that we are short of funds. 困难是我们缺乏资金。 This is what we should do. 这是我们应当做的。 That's why I want you to work there. 那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。 His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet. 他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。 <><><> as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。 She seems as if she had done a great thing. 她看起来好像做了一件大事。 It is because you eat too much. 那是因为你吃得太多了。 ing形式作表语 ing形式作表语表示泛指意义的动作，不定式作表语表示一次性的动作。 My hobby is growing flowers. 我的爱好是种花。 My favourite sport is playing tennis. 我喜爱的运动是打网球。 <><><> 比较： What I am going to do is to play tennis this afternoon. 我今天下午要做的事是打网球。 ing形式作表语：注意事项 在句型"主 + 系 + 表"中，若主语和表语都是非谓语形式时，主语和表语要取得一致。如：主语 是ing形式表语也应是ing形式，主语是不定式时表语也应是不定式。 <><><> Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 <><><> (误) Seeing is to believe. ing形式作定语 ing形式可以作名词的前置定语，ing形式短语作后置定语。 <><><> ing形式作前置定语 a swimming pool a teaching method <><><> ing形式短语作后置定语 Do you know the man standing at the entrance? 你认识站在入口处的那个人吗？ There were a lot of people boating on the lake. 湖上有许多正在划船的人。 虚拟语气：表语从句 主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时, 作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。 My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。 Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。