1.In the export-import process, interpretation or reception of information of external influence mainly is made by central administration, which usually defines priorities, engages with the allocation of human and financial resources, and issues directives governing the faculty and students . This practice brings about conflicts within the components of the organization.
2. Control usually is based upon an authority relationship that was created by the downward delegation of powers. It is usual that direction is based on the old concept of man. Theory X.
3.Communication is predominantly downward.
4. Change introduced at the higher levels of the organization usually is resisted due to the indifferent attitudes of members at the lower levels of the hierarchy and tension between individuals and organization.
5. Conflicts arise because junior faculty and students are assigned roles regardless of interests, needs, and their values, causing alienation and frustration.
6. Objectives usually are established at the top level of the organization without informing those who work toward them.
7. Informal organization can defeat objectives of the formal organization when informal and formal organization are conflicting.
8. Leadership is predominantly authoritarian or benevolent-authoritarian, although it may be camouflaged by means of committee systems.
哪位英语高手帮我译下好吗??不要用电脑的在线翻译弄,谢谢了啊!~