我教过初高中 的
这个都是我自己写的
虚拟语气
在含有条件从句的复合句中的虚拟语气
条件从句的谓语形式 结果主句的谓语形式
与现在事实相反 were /动词过去式 would (should ,could might)+V
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would (should ,could ,might )+have +P.P
与将来事实相反 were to /should do would (should ,could ,might)+P.P
1. 与现在事实相反
(1) If I were in your shoes, I would act differently
(2) If I had enough money, I would run a company of my own.
(3) I would help you with your work if I were free now.
2. 与过去事实相反
(1)I had taken his advice I wouldn’t have such mistakes.
(2)You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.
(3)If we had left ten minutes earlier, we would have caught.
3. 与将来事实相反
(1) If she had came here tomorrow, she might tell me what has happened to her.
(2) If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
(3) If they should go there next week, they would get a big surprise.
二．在wish后面的宾语从句的虚拟语气
与现在事实相反 were /动词过去式 did or were
I wish I were you .
I wish I were as strong as you.
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 had+过去分词
we wish he had been to Shanghai before.
She wishes she had been to the theatre before.
与将来事实相反 were to /should do would +动词原形
We wish she would go there tomorrow.
三.在某些动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
当主语谓语动词是suggest , order , demand insist, request ,command ,ask 等时其宾语从句的谓语形式是should+动词原形 或只用动词原形
(1)I suggested that he (should)go there at once.
(2)She insisted she (should )be sent t the city.
(3)They required that we send a delegation to their country.
(4)He asks that he be given an opportunity to explain why he’s refused t go there.
(5)My sister advised me that I should accept the invitation.
四.当主句中有suggestion ,order ,plan ,advice ,proposal, idea等词的时候，其后面的表语从句或同位语从句的谓语形式是should+动词原形 或只用动词原形
1. My suggestion is that some advice (should) be followed by them.
2. The idea that we (should) go there by air came true.
3. I agreed with the plan that she visits New York this winter.
4. The boss came that we start at once.
虚拟语气练习(1)
1. Without electricity human life __________quite different today.
2. ----If he______, he _______that food.
----Luckily he was not sent to the hospital immediately.
A. Was warned; would not take B. had been warned ;would not have taken
B. Would be warned ;had not taken D .would have been warned ;had not taken
3.I didn’t see you at the meeting. If she _____-she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
4.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water ,it looks as if _______.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
5. You didn’t let me drive. If we _____in turn, you _____so tried.
A. drove ;didn’t get B. drove ;wouldn’t get
B. were driving ; wouldn’t get D. had driven ;wouldn’t have got
6.__________,man could not live at all.
A. were it not for the sun. B. If It was for the sun
C. Had it not been for the sun D. If it shouldn’t be for the sun
7． He broke his leg yesterday, I wish he ___________________(not slip and fall)
8． octor Wang insisted that the patient ___(stay)in bed for a few days.
9.If you had posted the letter, Joan___________(receive) it last Monday.
10． If you had studied at school, you ____________(be) a college student now.
三、完成句子
1.真想不到我们俩会在这里见面.
It's strange that we___ here.
2.如果没有参加玛丽的生日聚会的话,我们彼此就不会认识了.
If we hadn't taken part in Mary's birthday party, we___ each other.
3.—这么近的路,我们应该步行到车站来.
—是啊,根本没必要乘出租车.
—We___ ___ ___to the station, it was so near.
—Yes. A taxi wasn't at all necessary.
4.万一明天下雨的话,我们将不得不推迟参观颐和园.
___ it rain tomorrow, we ___ ___to put off the visit to the Summer
所谓定语从句简言之即在句子中用一个具有主谓结构的完整句子来充当定语修饰前面的名词或代词，这个起修饰作用的句子在功能上相当于一个形容词所以可称为定语从句或形容词从句。
一． 抓住先行词 选择关系词
eg. 1.There is a very interesting remark in a book by a man who is a great American writer.
2. There is a very interesting remark in a book by an American writer that I read recently.
二．关系代词 指人：who ；whom 指物 ：which ;as 人或物：that ； whose
副词： when where why
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
who 和 whom 的区别
（1）Do you know the man who came to see our teacher .
（2）She is the girl whom I heard of.
总结：
2. whose 的用法：
表示所属关系 与名词连用 指人或物 whose +名词在从句中既可做主语也可以作宾语.
Eg.(1) When I looked through the window ,I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.
(2). It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.
(3). I lived in the house whose window faces south.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
3.which 的用法
先行词------单个单词 ，短语 或是整个句子。引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，可做主语或者是宾语
eg. 1.He showed me a photo which upset me .
2.He likes climbing the mountain , which is a good exercise .
3.He tore up my photo ,which upset me .
重点：介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
4.as的用法以及和which区别
as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
3. 当先行次受such, the same，so修饰时，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
5.that 的用法 （人或物）
eg. (1) What’s that which he refused to accept .
(2) That which was bitter to endure may be sweet to remember .
(3) You shouldn’t pretend to know those things which you don’t really know.
下列情况用that
1.先行词为 all none the first few much little
eg. 1.All that glitters is not gold .
2. The book contains little that is useful.
3. There is not much that can be done.
2.先行词被 序数词 形容词最高级 all no any only some every much few little the very 修饰时
Tell us all things that you know .
There is no difficulty that we should do is to find our way home.
The only thing that we should do is to find our way home.
3.先行词为不定代词
something anything nothing everything
Is there anything that I can do for you ?
That 和 who 的区别
1． 在非限定性定语从句中用who
2． 先行词为somebody someone anybody everybody nobody no one 用who
eg. I need someone who can do the work quickly.
关系副词
一. When的用法 其先行词必须是表示时间的名词 如：day year time
eg. The day when he was in London was unforgettable.
1994 was the year when he was born.
There are times when such things are necessary.
I will never forget the time _____I sped on campus.
二. where 的用法 先行词是地点的名词 如：place house
There is the town ________I spend my hometown.
This is the restaurant I often have my breakfast.
有时其先行词可能是具有地点意义的抽象名词 如：Situation point
He has reached the point where a change is needed.
1. This is the town ______I told you about before.
2. The library _____ students often study was on fire last night.
3. The library_______-was built in the 1930’s needs to be rebuilt.
三.why 先行词为reason
1This is the reason ______I did not come here.
2.Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
3.I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
4. The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
定语从句 （一）
1. Some of the roads were flooded ,_____makes our journey more difficult.
A. that B. it C. Which D. Who
2.His English , _______used to be very poor , is now excellent .
A. that B. which C. it D. whom
3.The house ________we live is not large.
A. which B. in which C. on which D. at which
4. You can take any seat _________is free.
A. which B. it C. whom D. where
5. The hotel ______they are staying is very expensive .
A. of which B. at that C. that D. at which
6. I’ll never forget the day _______he came to see me .
A. that B. which C. at which D. when
7. ________is reported in the newspaper , talks between the two counties are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That `D. what
8. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months ______-the sailing time was 226 days .
A. of which B. as C. Where D. for which
9. My home village is no longer the same ________it used to be . A. which B. as C. where D. in which
10. The film brought the hours back to me ______-I was taken
A. that B. when C. which D. in which
11. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage ______already seven other people .
A. when there are B. which there were C. where there were D. that there were
12. The language ______he wrote his poem was characteristic of the language used in the 16th century .
A. which B. by which C. with which D. in which
13. He was the only foreigner _______I saw at the party
A. whom B that C. we D. which
14. This is the man ______is honest .
A. who I believe B. whom I believe C. who believe I D. I believe who
15. We need a chairman _______
A. for whom everyone has confidence B. in whom everyone has confidence
C. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on
16. Young Chinese now have a better understanding of AIDS ,the deadly virus , _______-used to be a taboo in China .
A. which B. what C. that D. who
17. We often advise him not to drink more wine _______is good for his health.
A. as B. that C. than D. but
18. Anna was the first girl _______when you got here.
A. you talked to whom B. whom you got here
C. you talked to D. who talked you
19. This is the air- conditioner______ we have had so much trouble .
A. at which B. of which C. to which D. with which
20. This is the best film _______I have ever seen .
21. Ernest Hemingway,______ wrote “For Whom The Bell Tolls” ,died in London
22. He is the man ____taught me English.
23 Newton was one of the greatest men _______ever lived
24. They shouted with the loudest voice _______they could .
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