( 1) according to . . . ，in accordance with . . .
At this point，according to my father，I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley.
A ccording to Sir James Jeans，collisions between two stars are extremely rare.
A ccording to the selection /article，the Romans excelled in engineering and architecture.
The flow rate of groundw ater in aquifers can be estimated according to Darcy's law .
( 2) in contradistinction，on the contrary，in contrast( 相反)
In contradistinction，an aquiclude is a formation which may contain water，but is incapable of transmitting significant quantities of w ater under ordinary field conditions.
( 3) the depth to，a depth of 17 m
T he depth to the water table is 4 m.
Reducing conditions extend to a depth of at least 24 m .
( 4) based primarily on，due mainly to，due possibly to
The increase in w ater levels is due m ainly to decrease in density of the hot w ater.
( 5) domestic and abroad ( 国内外) ; domestic arrival/departure，international arrival/ departure
The contents of this book include partly the compilation of some books and articles published abroad and partly our papers published in dom estic and abroad English journals.
( 6) due to. . . ，owing to. . . ; because of. . . ; thank to. . . ; by virtue of. . . ，on account of. . . ，on grounds of. . . ; for reasons . . .
He had to decline to serve as the chairman of the organizing committee on grounds of poor health.
For reasons still unknown，the sun sometimes shoots off great masses of fiery gas into space.
( 7) as far as . . . concerned; as far as I am aware
This problem has not previously been tackled as far as the w riter ( author，narrator) is aw are.
( 8) few 和 little 及相关小词组
a few
a few days; a couple of days; a day or tw o
a little
quite a bit of
quite a few
I w ill send you my résumé by mail in a couple of w eeks.
Q uite a few kind of birds live on seeds，berries ( 果仁) and insects.
Animals that cannot fly may cover quite a bit of territory in their migration.
Q uite a few people study English in this country.
Q uite a few teenagers earn enough money from after-school jobs to buy second-hand cars of their ow n.
( 9) for reasons of convenience; for reasons of simplicity，for the sake of simplicity; for reasons still unknow n
In this and the follow ing paragraph，for the sake of sim plicity，w e shall deal w ith flow in confined aquifers w ith relatively small w ater level fluctuations.
( 10) to have an affinity with. . . ( 与……有姻缘/密切关系) ，to be in connection with . . . ， to be in relation to . . . ，to be in association with . . . ，to be in conjunction with . . . ，to be associated w ith . . . ，to be related to . . .
The rate of fresh w ater discharge to the sea is in relation to the extent of sea w ater intrusion.
( 11) in large volume，in large quantities ( 大量)
Groundw ater in the carbonate aquifer can be pumped in large volum e/quantities.
( 12) open square，solid /filled square，bold circle，empty circle，cross; triangle，circle
Samples of very concentrated brines are indicated in open squares in Figure 1. 6.
( 13) the ( vast) majority of . . . ，the bulk of . . . ，a large number of . . . ，a lot of . . . ，a large amount of . . . ，a good / great deal of . . . ( 大多数……)
T he vast m ajority of young Americans have learnt how to drive by the time they are 18.
T he bulk of them take a special high-school course called “driver's education”.
T he m ajority of the water samples taken from the deep-seated bedrock aquifer are depleted in K and SO4and enriched in Na，Ca，Sr and Cl.
T he bulk of groundwater is pumped from a deep semi-confined aquifer.
( 14) more . . . than expected( possibly due to. . . /because of. . . )
Groundw ater resources in this area have been m ore affected by exploitation than expected.
How ever，the declines in temperature and pressure are not so significant as expected， possibly because of ( A) . . . ，( B) . . . and ( C) . . .
( 15) with occasional pebbles ( 偶含卵石) ，with scattered lenses，with rarely a boulder
The unconsolidated sediments are composed of sand and clay w ith occasionalpebbles.
( 16) to have nothing to do with . . . ( 与……没有关系) ; to make difference ( 有影响)
A has nothing to do w ith B.
Doubling the size of the bomb m ade little difference in the size of the crater in ice it made.
( 17) to be of . . . interest/importance/significance/value/usefulness/use/benefit/concern/ effect / assistance ( 具有……兴趣 / 重要性 / 意义 / 价值 / 用处 / 用处 / 利益 / 兴趣 / 影响 / 帮助)
Most of geological fields w ere of little interest to me.
Anyone w ho w ants to make a space trip w ill be expected to have a high level of scientific training or special skills that w ill be of use on the other w orld.
I am contacting you w ith the hope that you w ill be of great assistance to me.
These three radioactive isotopes have such short half-lives ( 118s， 77s， and 30s， respectively) that they are of no im portance in natural w ater.
( 18) on top of . . . ，part of . . . ，on vacation，on campus ( 在此类名词前一般不用定冠词)
A fresh w ater lens floats on top of saltw ater in coastal zones.
( 19) previous sections，mentioned previously，mentioned above，developed previously
The model developed previously w as used as a regional model.
( 20) A rather/other than B ( 是 A 而不是 B) ; rather/other than B ( 除了 B 以外)
Few animals other than monkeys have handlike paw s.
The ancient Romans used the iron they produced mainly for spears，sw ords，and shields， rather than for building construction.
The first man know n to use a signal other than a bonfire used a chandelier ( 吊灯) .
Near-surface groundw ater in metropolitan Detroit has no migratory outlet other than surface w ater.
The original w aters have evolved to Na-Cl type w aters by a combination of the follow ing main processes: ( A) dissolution of halite; ( B) dissolution and precipitation of minerals other than halite; ( C) interaction with such rocks as clays，siltstones and shales.
( 21) at a rate of . . . ，at a speed of . . . ，with the speed of . . . ，at a sustained rate
The w ater level at Well S63 falls at a rate of 1. 5 m per year.
The concentration of salinity of the w ater in the aquifer has been found to increase ata rate of about 15 mg /L each year.
The magnitude of the specific yield of unconsolidated sediments is controlled by both the depth of the initial groundw ater level and the speed w ith w hich the groundw ater level falls.
( 22) regard; with regard to; with respect to
Give my regards to Victoria and Sean.
The brines near the salt lake are saturated w ith respect to halite.
( 23) sense，in the sense . . . ( 在……意义上说)
A makes no sense( 没有意义) to B.
It makes sense( 讲得通，合理) for A to do sth.
( 24) in that . . . ( 在于……)
Chinese films differ from w estern ones in that they often have a clear “message”for the view er.
Stamp and shell collecting are alike in that one can spend much or little on them.
Natural history exhibits differ from art exhibits in that they often must be realistically constructed.
The arctic w inter is different from our w inter in that it lasts longer.
( 25) an aquifer of thickness b，an aquifer of 30 m in thickness，an aquifer of 30 m thick
Consider a pumping w ell in an quifer of30 m thick.
( 26) under different/such /what circumstances，under different/certain conditions
U nder such circum stances the velocity of flow will remain constant through time.
( 27) water-bearing formation，water-bearing deposits，coal-bearing formation
Overlying the productive carbonate aquifer is the coal-bearing form ations.
( 28) “除……以外”小词组
apart from . . .
aside from . . .
besides . . .
but for . . .
except . . .
except for . . .
in addition to . . .
w ith the exception of . . .
In addition to hydraulic conductivity，water contents and soil moisture potentials in the unsaturated zone must be measured.
( 29) near-zero; zero-flow; no-flow boundary
N o-flow boundary condition is assigned to the northern boundary of the modeled area.
( 30) 语气转折的词: however，therefore，thus，hence，in contrast，as a result，on the other hand，nonetheless，nevertheless，despite this，even so，still; 并列连词: but，or，for， so，and; 从属连词: w hile，until
The private economy is expanding rapidly. The rate of inflation ( 通货膨胀) ，how ever，is still quite modest ( 不过分的) . A s a result，the public is voicing ( 吐露、表达) few complaints about the management of the economy.
The economy is grow ing quickly but the rate of inflation is still pretty low ，so people are generally pleased.
People in some countries are typically group-oriented. People in some other countries，in contrast，tend to be rather anarchic ( 无政府状态的) .
Prof. Yang w as in his ninety. N evertheless/nonetheless/despite this/even so/still/ how ever，he rode his bike much faster than most other people on campus.
连词应用举例:
1) We're not supposed to leave untilw e've been dismissed ( 解雇、解散、遣散) .
2) Did you do any traveling w hile you w ere on vacation.
( 31) on a . . . basis，on the basis of . . . ，based on . . . ; in terms of . . . ; in the light of . . . ( 针对) ，in light of . . . ; to come to light ( 显露出来，出现) ; to shed light on . . .( 使……明白显示出来，阐明)
In the lightof his remark，I would like to change a couple of details in the last paragraph of the article.
Since that time a great deal of new information has com e to light.
Today the only trace of the tow n is an occasional chimney or w all that com es to light in the shifting ( 移动) of the dunes.
A number of high-priority ( 优先考虑) investigations w ill be carried out to shed light on the most pressing ( 紧迫的) issues ( 问题) affecting Asian geological cartography ( 制图学) .
( 32) It seems that . . . ; It appears that . . . ; It is likely that . . . ; It seems likely that . . .
as suggested by . . . ; as proposed by . . . ; as pointed out by . . . ; as mentioned by . . . ; as stressed by . . . ;
as . . . put it; as you may have know n / heard . . .
A s you m ay have heard，the government will take measures to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide.
( 33) three out of five; one in every eight
Only one in every eight Americans now lives on a farm.
( 34) to some extent/degree; to a greater or lesser degree /extent
Groundw ater w ill begin to react w ith rocks or sediments as soon as they enter the unsaturated zone，and w ill continue to react，to a greater or lesser extent，in the saturated zone.
( 35) It . . . that . . . 句型
It should be noted that . . .
It can be stated，w ithout exaggeration，that . . .
It is w orth emphasizing that . . .
It is w orth noting that . . .
It should be mentioned that . . .
It should be pointed out that . . .
It should be stressed that . . .
It can be stated，w ithout exaggeration，that the karst areas of Yugoslavia represent a cradle of a systematic study of karst in the w orld.