第4个回答 2015-03-14
过去分词（Past Participle）是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成（规则见后），不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。 过去分词属于类动词： 1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子的主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，不但表示被动，还表示已完成了。 The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子的主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成。 He is retired. 他已退休。 3. 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。
1．规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）
work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited
(2)以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped
特例：有两类动词本身应该直接加“ed”，但由于历史习惯，依旧要双写最后一个字母，再加“ed”。以“元音字母+l”非重读结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写“l",再加“ed”。例如cancel→cancelled，dial→dialled。另外还有一些以非重读闭音节结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写最后一个辅音字母,再加“ed”。例如：kidnap→kidnapped，worship→worshipped。而上述两种情况在美国一般却直接加“ed”。
(5)、以ic结尾的动词，要把ic变成ick再加ed，如picnic→picnicked，traffic→trafficked。
注：这样做主要是为了避免变化后其原型尾音/k/变成/s/。根据英文的拼写规则，c在字母e、i、y之前均发/s/，其他情况下均发/k/。如果直接加“ed”的话，trafficed将会读成/'træfɪsɪd/，而不读/'træfɪkt/。
不规则变化
AAA型
即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。（共9个）
cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let put—put—put read—read—read(read的原形和过去式、过去分词 读音不同[2] ) set-set-set shut-shut-shut
ABB型
过去式、过去分词相同。（共42个）
1．过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。（4个）
bring—brought—brought
buy—bought—bought
think—thought—thought
fight—fought—fought
2．词尾有-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t。（4个）
build—built—built
lend—lent— lent
send—sent—sent
spend—spent— spent
3．过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。（2个）
catch—caught—caught
teach—taught—taught
4．把-eep、-eel变为-ept、-elt。（4个）
keep—kept—kept
sleep—slept—slept
sweep— swept—swept
feel—felt— felt
5．把-ell变为-old。（2个）
tell—told—told
sell—sold—sold
6．把-ell、-ill变为-elt或-ilt。（3个）
smell—smelt—smelt
spell—spelt—spelt
spill—spilt—spilt
7．把-eed、-ead、-eet变为-ed或-et。（4个）
feed—fed—fed
lead—led—led
speed—sped—sped
meet—met—met
8．过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。（5个）
learn—learnt—learnt
mean—meant—meant
spoil—spoilt—spoilt
burn—burnt—burnt
dream—dreamt—dreamt
9．过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id（4个）
say—said—said
pay—paid—paid
lay—laid—laid
hear—heard—heard
10．改变元音字母。（12个）
meet—met—met
feed—fed—fed
get—got—got
sit—sat—sat
find—found—found
hold—held—held
spit—spat—spat
shine—shone—shone
win—won—won
hang—hung—hung
dig— dug—dug
lose—lost—lost
11．改变辅音字母。（4个）
make—made—made
build—built—built
send—sent—sent
spend—spent—spent
12．改变元、辅音字母。（4个）
leave—left—left
stand—stood—stood
have/has—had—had
understand—understood—understood
ABC型
原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。（共39个）
1．i—a—u变化。（7个）
begin—began—begun
drink—drank—drunk
sing— sang—sung
ring—rang—rung
swim—swam—swum
sink— sank—sunk
spring—sprang—sprung
2．词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew，过去分词在其原形后加n。（5个）
blow—blew—blown
draw—drew—drawn
grow— grew—grown
know—knew—known
throw—threw—thrown（show除外）
3．词尾为“i+辅（1个）+e”，过去式将i变为o，过去分词多在原形后加n，若那个辅音字母为d或t，须双写d或t后加n。（4个）（give，hide除外）
drive—drove—driven
write—wrote—written
ride— rode—ridden
rise—rose—risen
4．过去分词在过去式后加n。（3个）
wake—woke—woken
speak-spoke-spoken
steal-stole-stolen
5．过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。（2个）
get-got-gotten/got
forget—forgot—forgotten
6．过去分词由原形加（e）n构成。（6个）
be—was（were）—been
eat—ate—eaten
fall—fell—fallen
give—gave—given
see—saw—seen
hide—hid—hidden（hid）
7．词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n。（2个）
take—took—taken
mistake—mistook—mistaken
8．原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。（6个）
do—did—done
fly—flew—flown
go—went—gone
lie—lay—lain
show—showed—shown
wear—wore—worn
9．词尾为-eak时，过去式将其变为-oke，过去分词在过去式后加-n。（2个）
break—broke—broken
speak—spoke—spoken
10．词中间为“oo+辅（1个）+e”或“ee+辅（1个）+e”，过去式将oo、ee变为o，过去分词在过去式后加-n。（2个）
choose—chose—chosen
freeze—froze—frozen
AAB型
过去式和原形相同。（1个）
beat—beat—beaten
ABA型
过去分词和原形相同。（共3个）
1.词中间为“o+辅+e”时，过去式将o变为a。（2个）
come—came—come
become—became—become
2.u—a—u变化。（1个）
run— ran—run
情态动词型
(除must)
只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词。（共4个）
can—could may—might will—would shall—should must 既没有过去式也没有过去分词
常用过去分词
begin（开始） began begun
drink（喝） drank drunk
ring（铃响） rang rung
sing （唱） sang sung
swim（游泳） swam swum
blow（吹） blew blown
draw（画） drew drawn
fly（飞） flew flown
grow（生长） grew grown
know（知道） knew known
throw（投掷） threw thrown
show（出示） showed shown
break（打破） broke broken
choose（选择） chose chosen
forget（忘记） forgot forgotten (forgot)
speak（说，讲） spoke spoken
wake（醒） woke woken
drive（驾驶） drove driven
eat（吃） ate eaten
fall（落下） fell fallen
give（给） gave given
rise（升高） rose risen
take（取） took taken
ride（骑） rode ridden
write（写） wrote written
do（做） did done
go（去） went gone
lie（平躺） lay lain
see（看见） saw seen
wear （穿） wore worn
不规则的动词
cost（花费）cost cost
cut（割） cut cut
hit（打） hit hit
hurt（伤害） hurt hurt
let（让） let let
put（放） put put
read（读） read read
其他特殊情况
动词原形 过去式 过去分词[2]
arise arose arisen
awake awoke/awaked awoken
be was/were been
bear bore borne(携带)/born(出生)
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
befall befell befallen
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten/bit
bleed bled bled
blend blended blent
bless blessed blest
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft
cling clung clung
clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crowed/crew crowed
cut cut cut
dare dared/durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt dwelt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade/forbad forbidden
forecast forecast/forecasted forecast/forecasted
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
get got gotten
gild gilded/gilt gilded
gird girded/girt girded/girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven/graved
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
heave heaved/hove hesved/hove
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lade laded laden
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie(躺) lay lain
lie(撒谎) lied lied
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
melt melted meited/molten
mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
outgrow outgrew outgrown
overcome overcame overcome
oversee oversaw overseen
pay paid paid
prove proved proved/proven
put put put
quit quitted/quit quitted/quit
read read read
rend rent rent
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
rive rived riven/rived
run ran run
saw sawed sawn/sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved/shaven
shear sheared sheared/shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown/showed
shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken
shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sown/sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
spin spun/span spun
spit spat/spit spat/spit
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang/sprung sprung
stand stood stood
stave staved/stove staved/stove
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen/swelled
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden/trod
upset upset upset
wake woke/waked woken/waked
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
work worked/wrought worked/wrought
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written