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Hydrogen:fuel of the Twenty-First Century
The hydrogen atom, as we have seen, has become a model for the structure of atoms. Hydrogen as a substance,however,has an equally important place in chemistry.Hydrogen is normally a colorless, odorless gas composed of H2 molecules.Approximately 40% of the hydrogen produced commercially is used to manufacture ammonia,and about the same amount is used in petroleum refining, But the future may hold an even greater role for hydrogen as a fuel.
Liquid hydrogen, H2, is a favorite rocket fuel . Burning it produces more heat per gram than any other fuel . In its gaseous form , hydrogen may become the favorite fuel of the twenty first century . When hydrogen burns in air, the product is simply water . Therefore , the burning of hydrogen rather than fossil fuels (natural gas , petroleum, and coal) has important advantages.
The burning of fossil fuels is a source of environmental pollutants . Acid rain ,which has been shown to be injurious to the environment , is believed to be partially a result of burning coal and petroleum These fuels contain sulfur compouds that burn to give sulfur dioxide , which reacts in moist air to form sulfuric acid , a major component of acid rain . It appears that carbon dioxide , a main product in the burning of fossil fuels . May also be a major pollutant .The percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen steadily since the large-scale burning of fossil fuels began in the late nineteenth century Climatologists believe that the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is responsible for the greenhouse effect . The increased concentration of carbon dioxide can act like the glass on a green house , retaining heat energy by absorbing and radiating infrared rays back to the surface of the earth ,and perhaps drastically affecting climate.
Controlling carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is a difficult challenge , but the answer might lie in the conversion to a hydrogen energy economy . In a hydrogen conomy , hydrogen would become a major energy carrier .Automobiles , for example ,could be modified to burn hydrogen . Hydrogen is not a primary energy source , however . It is a convenient and nonpolluting fuel , but it would have to be obtained from other energy source.
Hydrocarbons and water are presently the main source of hydrogen . In the seam-reforming process ,steam and hydrocarbons from natural gas or petroleum react at high temperature and pressure in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
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Answer 1

氢气：21世纪的能源

我们都知道，氢原子是原子结构的代表。而氢气作为一种单独物质， 也已经在化学界占有重要的一席之地。氢气是由氢分子构成的一种无色无味气体。目前， 商业上生产的40%左右的氢气都用语生产氨，还有40%左右用于提炼汽油。而未来，氢气在燃料能源方面的用途会更大。

液态氢，是广为人接受的一种的火箭燃料。氢燃烧产生的热量比等量的其他燃料更多。 气态氢也将成为21世纪最受欢迎的燃料。而且，氢在空气中燃烧产物是水，从这一点来说，它比化石燃料（如天然气，石油，煤）更有优势。

化石燃料的燃烧产物是环境污染源之一。对环境有伤害的酸雨，就被部分归罪于燃煤和石油燃烧。这些燃料所含硫化物燃烧生产二氧化硫，与空气中的水反应形成硫酸，硫酸就是酸雨的主要成分。人们发现化石燃料燃烧的另一个产物二氧化碳可能也是一种主要污染物。自19世纪末大规模使用化石燃料以来，大气中的二氧化碳含量稳步上升。气候学家认为大气中二氧化碳含量的上升引发了的温室效应。大气中的二氧化碳就好像温棚里的玻璃一样，吸收红外线并将其辐射回地球表面，很可能这就急剧影响了地球的气候。

控制大气中二氧化碳的排放量是个不小的挑战，最后的解决之道很可能就是向氢能源经济时代转换。在氢能源经济时代，氢将会成为最主要的能源载体。举个例子来说，汽车会改向使用氢燃料。氢不是第一级的能源资源，氢作为一种燃料，方便无污染，但是，生产氢本身就需要消耗其他的能源。

碳氢化合物和水目前是生产氢的主要原料。反应过程中，天然气和石油中的水蒸气和碳氢化合物在高温高压下经镍的催化，生成一氧化碳和氢气。