第1个回答 2009-04-17
在解决生活世界与社会科学专业性世界之间的关系方面，吉登斯对现象学、常人方法学和心理学等进行了梳理，并提出了社会学方法的新规则，其中最主要的方面即为“双重解释学”，即在社会科学的描述性元语言范围内，对不同的生活形式进行解释性的说明和协调；将社会生产和再生产作为人类能动行为的结果进行解释，也就是说，社会学是对人们常理世界已经解释了的现象进行再解说。这就和自然科学的“单一解释性”有了根本的区别，吉登斯也在此基础上为他的“结构二重性”和“结构化”概念作了理论准备。
吉登斯提出以结构的二重性原则来取代主客二元论。社会学理论研究中一直存在着客体主义与主体主义的二元论，前者强调结构、制度、制约性，以涂尔干、帕森斯的功能主义和法国的结构主义为代表，重视结构而轻视行动；后者则强调人的主观性、能动性、创造性，以韦伯的解释社会学为代表，重视行动而无力解决宏大的结构问题。针对这种情况，吉登斯认为社会学理论应超越客体与主体二元对立的局面，用结构的二重性原则代替二元论来对人类社会加以解释。结构二重性，就是结构既作为自身反复不断地组织起来的行为的中介，又是这种行为的结果，而社会学理论的任务便在于说明行动是如何在日常的环境条件下被结构化的，同时，行动的这种结构化特征又是如何由于行动本身的作用而被再生产出来的，这便是结构化理论的基础。
吉登斯认为结构化理论中的“结构”，指的是社会再生产过程里反复涉及到的规则和资源，应动态地理解它。他把结构看作是人们头脑中的“记忆痕迹”来指导具有认知能力的行动者的行为，而这个结构就是在日常生活中不断积累而成的无需明说就知道如何进行的实践意识。由于这种实践意识是在日常生活世界中展开的，便具有日常性和惯例性的特点，而且也应是在特定的时空位置上发生或存在的。他将时空观念引入社会理论中，是为了说明社会生活应在特定的社会和动态的历史过程中去理解，而与时空原则相联系的是对社会交往中人们身体在场与否的定位以及这些特定场所协调在一起时形成的社会生活的区域化。
有了基本的方法原则做框架，吉登斯便开始逐步充实他的理论大厦。他的论述可以概括为两大方面：关于社会行动的理论和关于社会制度的理论，这两方面分析的主线都是结构二重性的原则和方法。
Life in the world and the social sciences between the world of professional relations, Giddens of phenomenology, methodology and psychology of ordinary people, such as a comb, and put forward new rules of sociological method, that is, the most important aspect of for the "double hermeneutic", that is, the social sciences in the meta-language description of the framework of the life of different forms of description and explanation of coordination; social production and reproduction of the dynamic behavior as the result of human interpretation, that is, Sociology is a common sense of people the world has explained the phenomenon of re-explanation. That and the natural sciences "single explanation" With the fundamental difference between the basis of Giddens also for his "duality of structure" and "structural" theory of the concept of ready made.
Giddens proposed the principle of parallelism of the structure to replace the subject-object dualism. Theoretical research in sociology there has been a main object of Marxist doctrine of dualism, the former emphasis on structure, systems, binding to Durkheim, Parsons and the functional structure of France as the representative of the structure but have neglected the importance of action; while the latter emphasized the subjectivity of people, initiative, creativity, and to Weber's sociology as the representative explained, emphasis on action and inability to solve the structural problems of scale. In response to this, Giddens believes that sociological theory should go beyond the binary opposition with the main object of the situation, the principles used in place of the duality of structure dualism to explain human society. Duality of structure is the structure of both as their own constantly repeated acts of organized intermediaries, but also the result of such acts, and sociological theory of action is to mission is how the environmental conditions in the day-to-day was structured at the same time , operations of the characteristics of this structure is due to the role itself has been out of production, which is the basis of the theory of the structure.
Giddens believes that the structure of the theory of "structure" refers to the repeated process of social reproduction involves the rules and resources, it should be understood dynamically. He structure of people's minds as the "memory trace" has the cognitive ability to guide the behavior of actors, and this structure is constantly in their daily lives without the cumulative said to know how to conduct the practice of awareness. As a result of this practice is the awareness of the world in their daily lives started, and will have day-to-day practices of the characteristics, but also should be in a specific location on the space-time occurrence or existence. He will introduce the concept of time and space in social theory is to explain social life in specific social and dynamic process of understanding history, and principles associated with space-time is the social interaction in the presence of people or the positioning of the body, as well as these specific place when the formation of co-ordination with the regionalization of social life.
With the basic principles of the methods of the framework, Giddens gradually began to enrich his theory building. His exposition can be summarized as two major aspects: on the theory of social action and on the social systems theory, the analysis of both the main line is the principle of duality of structure and methods.
第2个回答 2009-04-20
Learning history
For history, I want to say is: The key to peace is of no use临时抱佛脚. In particular, a comprehensive examination of small or large integrated students, the decision usually is based on the key to victory or defeat. I myself have suffered such a loss has been. She taught me the history of ideas the teacher is a very good teacher dutifully. His class as if there is a magic you can tightly attracted, so vast and powerful history in his lecture as if all of a sudden on the next with our closer. More importantly, he can guide us through a complex historical phenomenon to think about their contact with the substance behind. This is the most important historical study of the method. Under his guidance, the high moment of my history very well. May be so carried away the victory of the mind, when I started High lazy, and no longer pay attention to grasp the basic knowledge. Just before the exam to back a temporary back. To three when the second half of the overall review, I found how stupid they are. High because of a solid knowledge of basic skills, I do not have to much power can easily recall all of the content. High in the text and I read quite a few times even though there is still the possibility of forgetting. I know why the teacher is the total so that we "grasp the basis of normal weight." �
High school and junior high school history to learn a completely different, not by rote will be able to solve the problem. High school history or understanding of the need. It would be useful to review once every week, every month and then a total review. Review when the key is to read books again and again, in repeatedly raising. Book is the most fundamental. On the ability to leave the books is not realistic. �
Read the contents of each section, it is necessary to think about historical events in a before and after what took place, and between them there is nothing intrinsically linked to what the historical truth. Historical events can also be carried out between the horizontal-vertical comparison. For example, a coup or two between the two policies, what similarities and differences between points, why have there been so many similarities and differences on what. Analysis of similarities and differences is also very simple, nothing more than that from the background, the nature of the effects of several fixed plate to think about. Some books that make history into a "three-dimensional," the. I think that the so-called "three-dimensional," This is probably the links horizontal and vertical bar. Often think of the history of different phenomena, we can more accurately analyze the substance of them, no matter what questions can be resolved. This is a study to pay attention to. You must not only read books, and light to remember some of the time, place, event is of no use, the most important thing is to learn how to use historical thinking to think about to study, to explore the things behind the incident. I believe you will soon discover, the more reading of history is more of有味. �
Secondly, of course, so title is also very important. Do question the process of actually look back at the process of rethinking. The title is now history, a simple test has very little knowledge of their own. Always test your analysis of an event. This requires studying the set of accumulated skills, in addition there are also some skills. For example, multiple-choice, it is often encountered, such as asking "root causes", "real" issues like this are usually decided from the productive relations of production, the economic base determines the superstructure, to analyze and so on. As long as it is about these options, in general is correct. Another example of "direct" and "indirect" this problem, in my view, is also very simple. A "direct", you let the mind become more simple, what I think is the beginning of what, do not have any bends Po. In addition to "direct" on the outside can be safely classified as "indirect" part went. �
As for questions, then all the more of your thinking and analytical skills. Do not count on the topic of papers you have ever seen, let alone bother to go back to a certain questions, as long as the master of the method is also very good questions to resolve. The first is analysis. Looking back through this part of the teacher talking about the contents of the briefing, as far as possible from the perspective of more to think about this issue. Do not worry too much like, if you think that makes sense, both may be correct. Moreover, the examination now has stressed the need to "encourage students to free play, there must be innovative, have their own point of view," as much as possible so you have to think some. �
Followed by the expression. The best section is on, that to write a two-line, need not be too winded, the key point is to write, because when marking point by point to write too much, one of several points around the bend before the finish will not only dominate, so that teachers can not find the main points from the points, but also waste a lot of time, so no time to finish papers. In sub-article also has a skill that is based on the scores to determine a few points. A point is generally two to two-thirds, if a problem is the eighth, then it is likely there are four main points. This method can be used effectively to reduce the possibility of missed, even if you still can not imagine what A should be filled as far as possible, the article estimated that the number of. At the same time, we must pay attention to the arrangements for the serial number. Great little point using a different serial number marked on, things will be very structured, logical and strong, and thus we can not easily丢分. Finally, the handwriting must be neat. Think about a teacher in a short period of time then to end the papers as much, if illegible scrawl, and teachers will have a marking which give you a good mood so well? �
Finally, more than the exchange of students and teachers are also very useful to study history. No matter how careful a person, there will be areas of negligence, through the exchange of notes with fellow students, and teachers explore the exercises, often there will be many unexpected rewards. Can also be read as "the history of learning" such as magazines, textbooks did not understand some things, to improve their depth and breadth of thinking, very helpful for problem-solving. To three when the second term we have to strive every day to spend 1-2 hours in history. Because there is a characteristic of history, easy to forget. Memorization remember what today is likely on the second day of the forgotten. Therefore, more attention should be paid to review the history of planning. In addition to the teachers to keep up with the progress of the review that they should have their own plans to set a timetable for their own, which time the contents of which paragraph review, pay attention to scientific and reasonable to ensure timely completion. Can be double-line at the same time. Is a teacher, one is your own. For example, in the review of world history teacher, you have a good history of the world at the same time, but also look at Chinese history. Remember not only more content, but also conducive to Sino-foreign compared to their three years of high school knowledge of history to have a grasp of the whole, more effective than single good review on the history of the world several times. In addition, the topic is also important to review. Can help you master the trail of history can be studied in depth the history of the law like some things, increase their depth and breadth of thinking. In fact, history is a very interesting subjects, not have to worry about learning it well, as long as the heart is willing to master the methods, history will become very simple.
第3个回答 2009-04-23
Life in the world and the social sciences between the world of professional relations, Giddens of phenomenology, methodology and psychology of ordinary people, such as a comb, and put forward new rules of sociological method, that is, the most important aspect of for the "double hermeneutic", that is, the social sciences in the meta-language description of the framework of the life of different forms of description and explanation of coordination; social production and reproduction of the dynamic behavior as the result of human interpretation, that is, Sociology is a common sense of people the world has explained the phenomenon of re-explanation. That and the natural sciences "single explanation" With the fundamental difference between the basis of Giddens also for his "duality of structure" and "structural" theory of the concept of ready made.
Giddens proposed the principle of parallelism of the structure to replace the subject-object dualism. Theoretical research in sociology there has been a main object of Marxist doctrine of dualism, the former emphasis on structure, systems, binding to Durkheim, Parsons and the functional structure of France as the representative of the structure but have neglected the importance of action; while the latter emphasized the subjectivity of people, initiative, creativity, and to Weber's sociology as the representative explained, emphasis on action and inability to solve the structural problems of scale. In response to this, Giddens believes that sociological theory should go beyond the binary opposition with the main object of the situation, the principles used in place of the duality of structure dualism to explain human society. Duality of structure is the structure of both as their own constantly repeated acts of organized intermediaries, but also the result of such acts, and sociological theory of action is to mission is how the environmental conditions in the day-to-day was structured at the same time , operations of the characteristics of this structure is due to the role itself has been out of production, which is the basis of the theory of the structure.
Giddens believes that the structure of the theory of "structure" refers to the repeated process of social reproduction involves the rules and resources, it should be understood dynamically. He structure of people's minds as the "memory trace" has the cognitive ability to guide the behavior of actors, and this structure is constantly in their daily lives without the cumulative said to know how to conduct the practice of awareness. As a result of this practice is the awareness of the world in their daily lives started, and will have day-to-day practices of the characteristics, but also should be in a specific location on the space-time occurrence or existence. He will introduce the concept of time and space in social theory is to explain social life in specific social and dynamic process of understanding history, and principles associated with space-time is the social interaction in the presence of people or the positioning of the body, as well as these specific place when the formation of co-ordination with the regionalization of social life.
With the basic principles of the methods of the framework, Giddens gradually began to enrich his theory building. His exposition can be summarized as two major aspects: on the theory of social action and on the social systems theory, the analysis of both the main line is the principle of duality of structure and methods.
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