英语中所加的前缀和后缀各有哪几种?如-less,dis-

什么词才要加前缀或者后缀呢?
英语中所加的前缀和后缀各有哪几种?如-less,dis-等,那又分别带表了什么意思?
请大家说详细一点,谢谢!

后缀是一种重要的构词法,通过后缀我们常常可以判断出一个词的词性。下面分四大类分别讲解一些常见后缀及其含义:
一、名词后缀
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
1.-ster,-eer,-er(or)意为:从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人(person engaged in an occupation or activity)例词:gamester,gangster,songster,engineer,profiteer,mountaineer,auctioneer,driver,teacher,director,actor,professor
2.-let意为:小或者不重要的东西(small,unimportant things)例词:booklet,leaflet,starlet
3.-ette意为:1)小的东西(small)例词:cigarette 2)假的东西(imitation)例词:leatherette 3)女性(female)例词: usherette
4.-ess意为:女性(female)例词:actress,poetess,hostess,paintress
5.-hood意为:时期(status;etc.)例词:boyhood,childhood,manhood
6.-ship意为:才能,状态,资格,品质等(skill,state,condition,status,quality)例词:leadership,friendship,membership,lectureship,sportsmanship
7.-ful意为:量(the amount which noun contains)例词:cupful,handful, mouthful,spoonful
8.-tion,-ion意为:1)状态,行动等(state;action;etc.)例词:action,oppression,possession,education,starva- tion 2)机构等(institution;etc.)例词: organization,foundation
9.-ment意为:状态,行动等(state; action;etc.)例词:movement,enslavement,pavement
10.-al意为:动作(action)例词:arrival,refusal,revival,recital,removal
11.-age意为:程度,数量等(extent; amount;etc.)例词:wastage,coverage, acreage,shrinkage,breakage,hostage
12.-ness;-ity(ty)意为:状态,品质(state;quality;etc.)例词:happiness, usefulness,selfishness,kindness,rapidity,activity,sanity,changeability
13.-ism意为:道义,主义,学说等(doctrine of,practice of)例词:idealism, impressionism,absenteeism,racism
二、动词后缀
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
1.-ify意为:转为,变为(to turn into,to make or become)例词:beautify, diversify,simplify
2.-ize;-en意为:使……,变得……(to make or become ;to make into)例词:modernize,popularize,legalize,hospitalize,symbolize,ripen,widen,heighten,threaten
3.-ate意为:增加,使……(give or add,make or become)例词:originate, hydrogenate,validate,differentiate
三、形容词后缀:
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
1.-ful意为:充满,有(full of;hav- ing;giving;etc.)例词:useful,pitiful, hopeful,helpful,forgetful,thankful, fearful
2.-less意为:没有,无(without;not giving)例词:speechless,childless,harmless,hopeless,meaningless
3.-ly意为:有……品质的(having the qualities of)例词:beastly,manly, brotherly,friendly
4.-like意为:像……的(like)例词: childlike,statesmanlike,tiger-like
5.-y;-ish意为:像……一般的(somewhat like)例词:meaty,sandy, silky,hairy,leafy,watery,foolish,girlish,blackish,thinnish
6.-some意为:像……一样的;引起……的;有……品质的(like;causing; having the quality of)例词:troublesome,burdensome,wholesome,tiresome,bothersome
7.-able(ible)意为:能……的;可以……的(able to be ;capable)例词: changeable,readable,drinkable,comfortable,expansible,convincible
8.-ed意为:有……的(having,etc.)例词:wooded,pointed,moneyed, odd-shaped
9.-al意为:有……属性的,……类型的(nature of,typical of)例词:cultural,personal,regional,musical
10.-ary(ory)意为:属于……的,与……相连的(belonging to;connected with)例词:revolutionary,imaginary, contradictory
11.-ous意为:富含……的;有……品质的;像……的(full of;having the quality of;like)例词:glorious,erroneous,malicious,gracious
12.-ic(ical)意为:……类的;属于……的(typical of;belonging to)例词: historic,historical,methodic,methodical,dramatic,heroic
13.-ive意为:有……属性的;有某种倾向的(having the nature or quality of;given or tending to)例词:attractive, talkative,restrictive,defensive,preventive,constructive,sensitive
四、副词后缀
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
1.-ly意为:以……方式(in a...manner;etc.)
例词:happily, boldly,attentive- ly,strangely
2.-ward(s)意为:表示方式或动作的方向(manner and direction of movement)例词:onward(s),backward(s),earthward(s),homeward(s),eastward(s)
3.-wise意为:1)按照……方式(in the manner of)例词:crabwise,clockwise2)就……而言(as
far as ...is concerned)例词:weatherwise ,educationwise
有一个原因的单音节词,结尾只有一个单音辅音,在加以元音后缀是,要双写这个辅音.例词:run + er = runner hit + ing = hitting
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第1个回答  2009-03-28
1.常用前缀

aero�:concerning the air or aircraft

plane( 飞机)—aeroplane(飞机)

space(空间, 间隔)—aerospace(航空宇宙)

anti�: against;opposite of

nuclear(〔核〕核子的)—antinuclear(反对使用核武器的)

matter( 物质)—antimatter(反物质)

war(战争、作战、 打仗)—antiwar(反战的, 反对战争的)

auto�: of or by oneself

biography(传记)—autobiography(自传)

criticism(批评, 批判)—autocriticism(自我反省, 自我检讨)

be�:to treat as the stated thing

friend(朋友, 助手)—befriend(待人如友, 帮助)

little(很少的, 矮小的,很少)—belittle(轻视, 使渺小, 使...显得渺小)

bi�: two;twice;double

lingual(语言的)—bilingual(能说两种语言的)

cycle( 自行车)—bicycle(脚踏车, 自行车)

bio�:concerning living things

chemistry(化学)—biochemistry(生物化学)

sphere(圈子)—biosphere(生物圈)

by—:less important

product(产品, 产物,)—by-product(副产品, 附加产物)

way(路,道路)—byway(小道)

centi�: hundredth part

grade(等级)—centigrade(分为百度的, 百分度的, 摄氏温度的)

meter(米)—centimeter(厘米)

co�: together, with

author(作家, 创造者)—coauthor(合著者, 共同执笔者,合著)

exist(存在, 生存)—coexist(共存)

col�:(used before l) together, with

location(位置, 场所)—collocation(排列, 配置)

com�:(used before b, m, p)together, with

passion(激情, 热情)—compassion(同情,怜悯)

con�:together, with

centric(中心的, 中央的)—concentric(同中心的)

federation(同盟, 联邦, 联合, 联盟)—confederation(联邦)

contra�:opposite

diction(措辞, 用语, 言语)—contradiction(反驳, 矛盾)

natural(自然的, 自然界的)—contranatural(违背自然的)

cor�:(used before r) together, with

relate(叙述, 讲, 使联系, 发生关系)—correlate(使相互关联,和...相关)

respond(回答, 响应, 作出反应,有反应)—correspond(符合, 协调, 通信, 相当, 相应)

counter�:opposite

act(担当,表现, 见效)—counteract(抵消, 中和, 阻碍)

attack(攻击)—counterattck(反引力)

cross�:across;going between the stated things and joining them

country(乡下的, 乡村的, 〔方]祖国的, 故乡的)—cross�country(越野的, 横过田野的)

breed((使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养,品种, 种类)—crossbreed(〔生物]杂种,异种交配, 培育杂种, (使)杂交)

de�:showing an opposite; to remove; to reduce

code(代码, 密码)—decode(解码, 译解)

value(评价, 重视)—devalue((=devaluate)减值, 贬值)

dis�:not; the opposite of

advantage(优势, 有利条件)—disadvantage(不利, 不利条件, 缺点, 劣势)

agree(同意) —disagree(不一致, 不适宜)

honest(诚实的, 正直的)—dishonest(不诚实的)

em�:(used before b,m, p) to cause to become

body(赋以形体)—embody(具体表达, 使具体化)

power(权力,激励)—empower(授权与, 使能够)

en�:to cause to become; to make

danger( 威胁)—endanger(危及)

large(大的, 巨大的)—enlarge(扩大, 放大)

ex�:former(and still living)

minister(部长, 大臣)—ex�minister (前部长)

wife(妻子)—ex�wife(前妻)

extra�:outside;beyond

curricular(课程的)—extracurricular(课外的, 业余的)

ordinary(平常的, 普通的, 平凡的)—extraordinary(非常的, 特别的, 非凡的)

fore�:in advance, before; in or at the front

arm(臂,武器, 装备)—forearm(前臂,准备战斗, 预先武装, 准备)

warn(警告)—forewarn(预先警告)

il�:(used before l) not

legal(法律的, 合法)—illegal(违法的, 不合规定的)

literate(学者,有文化的,有阅读和写作能力的)—illiterate(违法的, 不合规定的)

im�:(used before b,m,p)not

moral(道德(上)的, 精神的,道德)—immoral(不道德的, 邪恶的, 放荡的, 淫荡的)

possible(可能的)—impossible(不可能的)

in�:not

direct(径直的, 直接的)—indirect(间接的, 迂回的)

sensitive(敏感的, 灵敏的)—insensitive(对...没有感觉的, 感觉迟钝的)

infra�:below in a range; beyond

red(红(色)的)—infrared(红外线的,红外线)

structure(结构,构造)—infrastructure(下部构造, 基础下部组织)

inter�:between;among

change(改变, 变化)—interchange((指两人等)交换,相互交换)

national(国家的, 民族的)—international(国际的, 世界的,国际性组织, 国际比赛)

intra�:inside, within;into

city(城市, 都市)—intracity(市内的)

department(部, 局, 处, 科, 部门, 系, 学部)—intra�department(内部)

ir�:(used before r)not

regular(规则的, 有秩序的)—irregular(不规则的, 无规律的)

responsible(有责任的, 可靠的)—irresponsible(不负责任的, 不可靠的)

kilo�:thousand

gram(克,)—kilogram(〔物〕千克, 公斤)

meter(米)—kilometer(公里)

macro�:large, esp.concerning a whole system rather than particular parts of

particular parts of

economics(经济学)—macroeconomics(宏观经济学)

structure(宏观结构)—macrostructure(宏观结构)

mal�:bad or badly

function(官能, 功能, 作用)—malfunction(故障)

treat(宴请, 款待)—maltreat(虐待, 滥用)

micro�:extremely small

computer(计算机, 电脑)—microcomputer(微进化)

electronics(电子学)—microelectronics(〔电子]微电子学)

mid�:middle

day(天, 白天)—midday(正午)

night(夜, 夜晚)—midnight(午夜)

mini�:small;short

bus(公共汽车)—minibus( 小型公共汽车)

skirt(裙子)—miniskirt

(迷你短裙, 超短裙)

mis�:bad or badly;wrong or wrongly

fortune( 运气, 好运)—misfortune(不幸, 灾祸)

understand(懂, 了解)—misunderstand(误解, 误会)

mono�:one;single

plane( 飞机)—monoplane(单翼机)

tone(音调, 语调)—monotone(单调的,单调)

multi�:more than one;many

purpose(目的, 意图)—multipurpose(多种用途的, 多目标的)

national(国家的, 国立〔有]的, 民族的)—multinational( 多民族的,)

non�:not

resident—non(�)resident

sense 理性, 认识—nonsense(胡说, 废话)

out�:outside;eyond

live(活的, 生动的)—outlive(比...长命, 比...耐久)

door(门, 通道, 家, 户)—outdoor(室外的, 户外的, 野外的)

over�:too much;above; additional

head(头,头的, 主要的)—overhead(在头上的,在头顶上, 在空中, 在高处)

time(时间, 时侯, 时机, )—overtime(超时, 加班, 延长时间,超时的, 加班的,加班地,使超时)

poly�:many

centric(中心的, 中央的)—polycentric(多中心的)

syllabic(〔语] 音节主音,音节的)—polysyllabic(多音节的)

post�:later than;after

graduate((大学)毕业生, 研究生,(使)(大学)毕业)—postgraduate(研究所学生, 研究生,毕业后的)

war(战争,作战, 打仗)—postwar(战后的)

pre�:before;in advance

pay(薪水, 工资,支付)—prepay(预付)

war(战争,作战, 打仗)—prewar(战前的,在战前)

pro�:in favor of, supporting

America(<美>美国, 美洲(包括北美和南美洲))—pro�America

abortion—pro�abortion(流产, 堕胎, 失败, 夭折, 中止, 早产)

pseudo�:not real;false

name( 姓名)—pseudonym(假名, 笔名)

science(科学, 自然科学)—pseudoscience(假科学, 伪科学)

re�:again;back to the former state

unite(联合, 团结)—reunite((使)再结合)

use(使用)—reuse(再使用,重新使用)

self�:by means of oneself or itself;of, to, with, for, or in oneself or itself

employed(雇用, 用, 使用)—self�employed

taught(teach的过去式和过去分词)—self�taught

semi�:half;partly

circle(圆周, 圆形物)—semicircle(半圆形)

final( 决赛)—semifinal(半决赛)

step�:not by birth but through a parent who has remarried

mother(母亲, 妈妈)—stepmother(继母)

children(孩子, 孩子们)—stepchildren(继子,继女)

sub�:under,below;less imortant;part of the stated bigger whole

divide(分, 划分, 分开, 隔开)—subdivide(再分, 细分)

section(部分)—subsection(分部, 分段)

super�:more, larger, greater than usual

market(市场)—supermarket(超级市场)

natural(自然的, 自然界的, 普通的, 正常的)—supernatural(超自然的, 神奇的,超自然物, 不可思议的事)

tele�:at or over a long distance;by or for television communication—telecommunication

screen(屏, 银幕)—telescreen(电视屏幕,荧光屏)

therm(o)�:concerning heat

chemistry(化学)—thermochemistry(热化学)

meter( 计, 表)—thermometer(温度计, 体温计)

trans�:across, on or to the other side of; between

Atlantic(大西洋)—transatlantic(大西洋彼岸的)

plant(种植, 栽培, 培养)—transplant(移植, 移种)

tri�:three;three times

angular(有角的)—triangular(三角形的)

cycle( 自行车)—tricycle(三轮车, 机器三轮车)

ultra�:beyond;very, extremely

modern(近代的, 现代的)—ultramodern(超现代化的)

sound(声音, 语音)—ultrasound(超频率音响)

un�:not

certain(确定的, 必然的, 可靠的)—uncertain(无常的, 不确定的, 不可预测的, 靠不住的)

fortunate(幸运的, 幸福的)—unfortunate(不幸的, 使人遗憾的)

under�:too little;below

develop(发展,显影)—underdevelop((使)发展不完全, (使)显影不足)

sea(海洋, 大浪)—undersea(海面下的)

uni�:one;single

form( 形态, 构成)—uniform(统一的, 相同的)

directional(方向的)—unidirectional(单向的, 单向性的)

vice�:next in the rank;below

chairman(主席, 会长)—vice�chairman(副主席, 副议长)

president(总统, 会长, 行长)—vice�president(副总督, 副省长)
2.常用后缀
(1)名词后缀
ability(能力, 才干),�ibility
able(能...的, 有才能的, 能干的, 能够的)—ability(能力, 才干)

flexible(有弹性的,柔韧的)—flexibility(弹性, 适应性, 机动性, 挠性)

arrive(到达, 抵达)—arrival(到来, 到达, 到达者)

refuse(拒绝, 谢绝)—refusal(拒绝, 推却)

�an, �ian, �arian

library(图书馆, 藏书室)—librarian(图书馆员, 图书管理员)

music(音乐, 乐曲)—musician(音乐家)

�ance,�ence

appear(出现, 公开露面)—appearance(出现, 露面, 外貌, 外观)

refer(提交, 谈及,提到, 涉及, 查阅, 咨询)—reference(提及, 涉及, 参考, 参考书目, 证明书(人), 介绍信(人))

�ancy,�ency

emerge(显现, 浮现, (事实)显现出来)—emergency(紧急情况, 突然事件, 非常时刻, 紧急事件)

expect(期待, 预期)—expectancy(期待, 期望)

�ant,�ent

apply(申请)—applicant(申请者, 请求者)

correspond( 通信)—correspondent(通讯记者, 通信者)

�cy

accurate(正确的, 精确的)—accuracy(精确性, 正确度)

private(私人的, 私有的, 私营的, 秘密的)—privacy(独处而不受干扰, 秘密)

�dom

king(国王, 君主, (部落的)首领, 纸牌中的K,立...为王,做国王, 统治)—kingdom(王国, 〔宗]天国, 上帝的统治, 领域)

free(自由的, 免费的, 免税的, 免费)—freedom(自由, 自主, 直率, 特权)

�ee

employ(雇用, 用)—employee(职工, 雇员, 店员)

interview(接见, 会见)—interviewee(被接见者, 被访问者)

�er,�or,�ar

paint(油漆, 颜料)—painter(画家, 油漆匠)

beg(请求, 乞求)—beggar(乞丐)

�ery

brave(勇敢的)—bravery(勇敢)

slave(奴隶)—slavery(奴隶身分, 奴隶制度)

�ery

�ese:

China(中国)—Chinese(中国的,)

Japan(日本)—Japanese(日本的)

�ess

actor(男演员)—actress(女演员)

waiter(侍者, 服务员)—waitress(女服务生)

hand(手)—handful(一把, 少数)

�hood

child(孩子, 儿女)—childhood(孩童时期)

man(男人)—manbood(成年男子)

�ics

electron(电子)—electronics(电子器件)

linguist(语言学家)—linguistics(语言学)

�ism

Marx(马克思)—Marxism(马克思主义)

socialist(社会主义者)—socialism(社会主义)

�ist

psychiatry(精神病学)—psychiatrist(精神病医师)

violin(小提琴)—violinist(小提琴演奏者)

�ity,�ty

cruel(残酷的, 悲惨的)—cruelty(残忍, 残酷)

pure(纯的, 纯粹的)—purity(纯净, 纯洁, 纯度)

�ment

move(移动, 迁居)—movement(运动, 动作)

retire(退休, 引退, 退却)—retirement(退休, 引退)

�ness

dark(黑暗, 夜)—darkness(黑暗, 漆黑)

happy(快乐的, 幸福的)—happiness(幸福, 快乐)

�ology

climate(气候, 风土)—climatology(气候学, 风土学)

future(未来, 将来)—futurology(未来学)

�ship

friend(朋友, 助手)—friendship(友谊, 友好)

scholar(学者)—scholarship(奖学金, 学问, 学识)

�sion,�ssion

decide(决定, 判决)—decision(决定, 决心)

expand(使膨胀, 扩张)—expansion(扩充, 开展)

�th

grow(生长, 成长)—growth(生长, 种植)

wide(宽的, 广阔的)—width(宽度)

�ure

close(关, 关闭)—closure(关闭,使终止)

expose(使暴露, 受到, 使曝光,揭露)—exposure(暴露, 揭露, 暴光, 揭发)

(2)动词后缀

�en

deep(深的, 纵深的)—deepen(加深, 深化)

fast(紧的, 牢的)—fasten(扎牢, 扣住)

�ify

class(班级, 阶级)—classify(分类, 分等)

simple(简单的, 简易的)—simplify(单一化, 简单化)

�ize,�ise

modern(现代人)—modernise/modernize(<主英>=modernize)

popular(通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的)—popularise/popularize(<主英> =popularize)

(3)形容词后缀

�able, ible

question( 疑问)—questionable(可疑的)

al

nature(自然)—natural(自然的)

structure(结构, 构造)—structural(结构的, 建筑的)

�an,�arian,�ian

suburb(市郊, 郊区)—suburban(郊外的, 偏远的)

Canada(加拿大)—Canadian(加拿大的,加拿大人)

�ant,�ent

differ(不一致, 不同)—different(不同的)

please(满足的, 使满足)—pleasant(令人愉快的, 舒适的)

�ary,�ory

advise(劝告, 忠告, 警告)—advisory(顾问的, 咨询的, 劝告的)

custom(习惯, 风俗)—customary(习惯的, 惯例的)

�ate

consider(考虑, 照顾)—considerate(考虑周到的)

fortune(运气, 好运)—fortunate(幸运的, 幸福的)

�en

gold(黄金, 金币)—golden(金色的, 金黄色的)

wood( 木材)—wooden(木制的)

�ese

China(中国)—Chinese(中国的, 中国人的)

Japan(日本)—Japanese(日本的, 日本人的)

�free

care( 烦恼, 忧虑)—carefree(无忧无虑的, 轻松愉快的)

duty(义务, 责任, 职责, 职务, 税)—duty—free(自由的, 大方的, 免费的, 免税的, 免费)

�ful

care(注意, 照料)—careful(小心的, 仔细的)

pain(痛苦, 疼)—painful(疼痛的, 使痛苦的)

�ic,�ical

atom(原子)—atomic(原子的, 原子能的)

psychology(心理学, 心理状态)—psychological(心理(上)的)

�ish

girl(女孩, 少女)—girlish(少女的, 少女似的(男孩))

child(孩子)—childish(孩子气的, 幼稚的)

�ive

create(创造)—creative(创造性的)

support(支援,支柱)—supportive(支持的,支援的)

�less

hope(希望, 信心)—hopeless(没有希望的, 绝望的)

pain(痛苦, 疼, 痛, 劳苦, 努力,使痛苦)—painless(无痛的, 不痛的)

�like

child(孩子)—childlike(孩子似的, 天真烂漫的)

lady(女士, 夫人, 小姐)—ladylike(风度雍容如贵妇的, 温雅的)

�ly

man(男人)—manly(男子气概的)

month(月)—monthly(每月的,每月一次,月刊)

�ous,�ious

danger(危险)—dangerous(危险的)

poison(毒药, 败坏道德之事, 毒害,毒害, 败坏, 使中毒,放毒, 下毒)—poisonous(有毒的)

�some

tire( 劳累, 厌倦)—tiresome(无聊的, 烦人的)

trouble(烦恼, 麻烦)—troublesome(麻烦的, 讨厌的)

�ward

down(向下的)—downward(向下的)

up(向上)—upward(向上的)

�y

guilt(罪行, 内疚)—guilty(犯罪的, 有罪的)

noise(喧闹声, 噪声)—noisy(吵杂的, 聒噪的)

(4)副词后缀

�ly

easy(容易的)—easily(容易地, 不费力地)

heavy(重的, 繁重的)—heavily(很重地, 沉重地)

�ward,�wards

east(东方, 东)—eastward(s)(向东,向东的, 朝东的)

north(北, 北方)—northward(s)(向北,向北的)

�wise

clock(时钟)—clockwise(顺时针方向的,顺时针方向地)

other(其他的, 另外的)—otherwise(另外, 不同地)

希望对你有所帮助!
第2个回答  2009-03-28
常见的否定前缀有:un-、non-、in-、dis-、a-、de-、under-、anti-、counter-。根据其语义功能的不同分为四类:non-、in-、a-的意义相当not;de-属于逆转前缀,它把词干所表示的动作进颠倒;under-
是表示“不充分”、“不完全”的程度前缀;anti-和 counter-表示一种反对的态度。例如:
(1) atypically: not typically
decode: to discover the meaning of something written in a code
undermanned: not having enough workers
counterattack: an attack made to stop, oppose, or return an enemy attack
Un-和 dis-各有两种语义功能。以 un-为例,如处于形容词、-ed 分词、-ing 分词三类词干前,其意义相当于 not;处于动词和名词词干前,则属于逆转前缀。
In-和 a-根据词干的不同其形式会有所变化。In-常出现在源于拉丁语或法语的词干前,il-在[l前,ir-
在[r]前,im-在唇音前。In-、il-、ir-、im-这些变体呈互补分布,由于同化作用,这些前缀的结束音与词干的开始音很相似。A-与出现在元音和辅音[h]前的 an-属于同样的情况。

英语中只有三个否定后缀:-less、-free、-proof。-less 和-free 类似,都表示 not 和 without 之意,其句
法功能都是把名词转变成形容词。例如:
hatless: not wearing a hat
salt-free: without salt
-proof 的词干常为名词,词干加上-proof 后用作形容词或动词。例如:
a bulletproof car: a car designed not to be harmed by bullets
to bulletproof a car: to make a car bulletproof

祝你进步!
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