1.The changes brought by the Renaissance at first affected only a tiny segment of the European population.The great mass of peasants had little awareness that something new was happening in the cities among the elite.But eventually its values would be imposed on or willingly adopted by increasing numbers,as the social and economic conditions changed in Europe and around the world.The new secularism and individualism of the Renaissance made people less willing to accept the doctrine that salvation was possible only through the Catholic church.That salvation was a personal natter,one between the individual and God,was the central issue of the Reformation,and coalesced with the humanist confidence in making one's own way on the basis of merit and virtue.
2.Once Luther's break with the church had succeeded,the dam had burst,and other sects appeared.However,none of the religious reformers,except some radical Protestants,believed in religious freedom.Religion might be a personal matter,but,according to them,truth had been established by God and set down in Scripture,and it was not open to question.The Lutherans and Catholics now resigned themselves to a coexistence that was more or less peaceful;they turned on others like the Calvinists and the Anabaptists,who had not established themselves on the field of battle.In time,there were too many sects to be fought.Religious freedom was a radical idea even as late as the eighteenth century,at the time of the drafting of the Untied States Constitution.But by then,in North America at least,there was such a diversity of religions that it was easier to accept all than to choose one state religion.Thus,religious freedom was an unintended outcome of the Reformation,just as the United States was the unexpected result of the rise of national in Europe and their eventual expansion into worldwide empires.
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