谈大学英语四级考试仔细阅读部分主旨题的解法(一)

如题所述

第1个回答  2023-01-13
辨别和理解文章的中心思想是大学英语四级考试阅读测试的重中之重,2006年修订的新四级考试大纲仍然将对此项能力的考查置于首位(见大纲第9页,上海外语教育出版社)。新四级仔细阅读部分(Reading in Depth)选择题型的篇章阅读中,与此项能力直接相关的一种题型称为主旨题。本文将根据笔者平时的教学经验,谈谈在该题型解题方法方面的心得体会。
  主旨题的识别一般都很简单,直接询问考生全文的中心思想是什么,通常包括三种形式:主题大意(main idea)、写作目的(purpose)和文章标题(title)。常见的问法有以下几种:

  1、 The main idea of this passage is…
  2、 The major point of this passage is…
  3、 This passage is mainly about…
  4、 This passage mainly talks about/ discusses…
  5、 This passage gives a general description of…
  6、 The author’s purpose in writing this passage is…
  7、 The title of this passage is…
  8、 This passage can be entitled…

  如何确定一篇文章的中心思想呢?我们知道,新四级的仔细阅读部分,选择题型的篇章阅读共两篇文章,十道题目,要求考生在15分钟之内完成,平均每篇文章大约7-8分钟的时间,其中文章的阅读大约3-4分钟的时间。在这么短的时间内读完一篇300-350字的文章,逐字逐句通读全文寻找主旨的方法就显得不切合实际了,这必然要求考生采用适当的阅读技巧。为此,笔者建议考生采用略读(skimming)和跳读(skip-reading)相结合的阅读方式。

  略读是一种浏览式的阅读方法,其主要目的是为了快速有效地把握文章的主旨大意,是平时为了大量获取信息和各种英语应试阅读中特别常用而且极为重要的一种阅读方法。这种方法主要是指在阅读过程中,只关注与全文大意密切相关的主题信息,而忽略其它支持性的细节信息。四级考试中,阅读文章主要以说明文和议论文为主,一篇文章的主题信息通常会出现在以下几处:一、文章各段的首句和尾句。这些处于较明显、较特殊位置的句子往往是段落和文章的主题句,具有相当大的重要性;二、强转折处。通常以but, however, rather, yet, instead等词为标志,这些词汇后面的句子是主题性信息;三、因果关系处。通常以therefore, as a result, thus, so, That is why…等词语或句式为标志,这些词汇或句式后面的句子是主题性信息;四、递进处。通常以moreover, furthermore, what’s more, what’s the most important, most important of all, most importantly等词汇或短语为标志,这些词汇或短语后面出现的信息是被强调的信息,即主题信息出现的地方;五、例证处。通常以for example, for instance, Let’s take…, Consider…等词汇、短语或句式为标志,这些词汇、短语或句式表示举例,也是支持性的细节信息,位于例子前后的句子一般都是例子要说明的主题;六、并列处。通常以firstly, secondly…finally, some…others…, for one thing…for another, on the one hand…on the other hand等组合为标志,这些组合都是支持性的细节信息,位于这些组合前后的句子一般都是这些细节信息所要支持的主题。

  跳读可以作为略读的辅助。跳读旨在掌握文章的全貌和要点,但又不必将文章中所有的词句全部都读进眼帘,句子中期补充说明、修饰限定作用的,在跳读过程中就可以略去不读。因此,跳读主要是为了抓住句子的主干部分,忽略次要部分,这种阅读方法并不影响读者对于文章主题信息的把握。当主题信息处是长难句时,这种方式尤为有效。跳读可以分为以下三种形式:一、根据特殊的标点符号提示,采用跳读法。文章中的标点符号都有其一定的含义。如:两个逗号之间是插入成分或同位语;括号内表示举例或补充说明;冒号通常用来列举事物、附加解释说明性内容;破折号通常放在解释性分句或句子前,或是用来列举前面总括的若干内容,或是放在解释性的插入语之前或之后等。阅读时,可以将两个逗号之间的部分、括号内的部分、冒号后的部分、破折号后的部分和两个破折号之间的部分省略不读;二、根据句法结构,采用跳读法。主要是在遇到长难句时,抓住句子的主干部分,即主语部分、谓语部分和宾语部分,而其它补充成分,即定语(从句)、状语(从句)和补语部分可以略去不读;三、根据文章结构和组织形式及段落间逻辑关系、主题句等,采用跳读法。阅读时,重点关注主题句、表明作者观点的词句,对于举例论证、引用论证、数据论证、正反论证、比喻论证等部分则一带而过,跳过不读。

  当我们采用略读和跳读两种方法找到一篇文章的主题信息之后,全文的主旨又在哪里呢?是不是就是把所读到的主题信息句简单相加呢?我们知道,一篇好的文章是一个有机的整体,其内部的信息是按照一定的思维模式逻辑地组合在一起的,这种严密的组合就是文章的结构。全文主旨的最后确认是离不开文章结构的,因为主旨就是作者的逻辑思维模式。

  笔者根据历年四级考试真题中的文章结构,将四级仔细阅读文章中心思想获取的方式大致划分为五种。下面分别举例说明:

  1、综合型

  Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people. Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child—or even an animal, such as a pigeon—can learn to recognize faces, we all take this ability for granted.

  We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.

  Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a “nice person”, you might begin to think about someone who was kind considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.

  There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types-people are described with such terms.

  People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s(坏人)or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions. (1996年6月四级真题)

  70. Which of the following is the major point of the passage?
  A) Why it is necessary to identify people’s personality
  B) Why it is possible to describe people
  C) How to get to know people
  D) How best to recognize people
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