第1个回答 2013-08-04
【四】定语从句：修饰前面某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
由于在句中的作用相当于形容词，故也称为形容词性从句。
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。限制性定语从句对被修饰词起到限制、修饰的作用，一般不可缺少。
非限制性定语从句起补充、附带说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。
一.限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句对被修饰词起到限制、修饰的作用，一般不可缺少。
1.由关系代词引导定语从句：关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）
1. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，不能省略。
e.g. The classroom that is on the fourth floor is poorly equipped.
2. 关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面没有介词时，常可省略。
e.g. This is the girl with whom he works.
In this earthquake, the number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000.
I have many good friends to whom I am going to send postcards.
You’re the only person whose advice he might listen to.
The river which runs through the center of the city brings us a lot of pleasure.
He has given us as much advice as he can.
【例】The man to whom you talk just now is a famous runner.
【例】The service about which the students complain a lot should be improved.
【例】He is a library assistant from whom I borrowed some books.
【例】It is a famous school from which he graduated 3 years ago.
【例】The chair on which he is sitting now is made of wood.
The man (who/that/whom) you talk to just now is a famous runner.
【例】The service (which/that) the students complain about a lot should be improved.
He is a library assistant (whom/that/who) I borrowed some books from.
【例】It is a famous school (which/that) he graduated from 3 years ago.
【例】The chair (which/that) he is sitting on now is made of wood.
有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前：
【例】He is the student (who/whom/that) the teachers are looking for.
【例】The number of the children (who/whom/that) she takes care of is 3
【知识点5】
注意复杂介词短语+which或whom引导的定语从句，是高考考查热点。
【例】They finally climbed up the mountain, on top of which many strange birds were seen.
【例】Look at the photo. This is Mr. Green, in front of whom sit three students.
不定代词+of+ which/ whom 引导的定语从句可化为of+ which/ whom+ 不定代词 结构；这也是高考常考点。其中用到的不定代词有some, any, none, both, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, one, 等等。
【例】There are 40 students in our class, most of whom（=of whom most）like English.
【例】These are books written by Mark Twain, one of which（=of which one）was read to me by my father
【例】She has two sons, neither of whom（=of whom neither）is a teacher.
【例】She has many books, none of which(=of which none) is interesting.
关系代词whose+名词 引导的定语从句可转化为 the+名词+of+ which / whom 或 of+ which/whom+ the +名词结构；of 表所属关系。
【例】I live in a room whose windows are all broken.
=I live in a room of which the windows are all broken.
= I live in a room the windows of which are all broken.
【例】This is my teacher whose handwriting is excellent.
= This is my teacher the handwriting of whom is excellent.
= This is my teacher of whom the handwriting is excellent.
由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，当主从句主语一致时，定语从句可缩略为：介词+ which/whom+ to do 结构。
【例】I have a small room in which I live in.
=I have a small room in which to live.
=I have a small room to live in.
【例】He has a good friend to whom he can turn for help.
=He has a good friend to whom to turn for help.
=He has a good friend to turn to for help.
介词后不一定只能接关系代词，可能会接关系副词，主要取决于介词及句子意思。
【例】He used to live in London, from where he came from.
【例】He graduated from Beijing University in 1988, since when he has improved himself in all aspects.
4. 只用that，不用which的情况：
a. 当先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；
b. 当先行词前有the only, the very, the last等词修饰时；
c. 当先行词为anything, nothing, something, everything, all, little, much等不定代词修饰时；
d. 当先行词前有all, every, no, some, any, little, much, few等词修饰时；
e. It is 句型中的引导定语从句时。
只用which，不用that的情况：
a. 引导非限制性定语从句时；
b. 引导词前有介词时；
c. 一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导；
e.g. He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to kill the time.
. 当those作为先行词指人时，通常只能用who引导；
7. as 从句的先行词是the same, such, 或被他们所修饰；多用于表示肯定意义的从句中，不用于表否定意义的从句中。
e.g. Many of the sports are the same as they were when they started.
The result was not such as he expected.
It was raining hard, which(as) was unexpected.
8. 介词+关系代词要根据
a. 谓语动词的固定搭配 e.g. This is the evidence with which the case is connected.
b. 先行词 e.g. I’ll never forget the day on which\when I joined the party.
. 句子表达的意思 e.g. The boss in whose department Mr King worked got sacked.
d. 在非限制性定语从句中，名词\代词+of+which\whom表示整体与部分的关系
e.g. The workers, some of whom stayed for four years, came from different countries.
e. 介词的位置一般放在关系代词之前，有时也可放在从句中原来的位置上。
e.g. We did it in the same way in which he did\which he did in.
That 作为关联词可以当作关系副词用
e.g. This is the house in which Louis XIII lived.
This is the house that Louis XIII lived.
This is the house where Louis XIII lived.
This is house which Louis XIII lived in.
This is the house Louis XIII lived in.
My brother who is very clever studies chemistry all by himself.
使用定语从句勿滥！可以使用单个形容词，或较短的非谓语动词结构的，尽量使用简略些的方式。使句子读起来更顺口！
Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.
I don’t like the way (that) you treat us.
1. of表示同位关系：即用于在A+of+B结构，其中的A和B为同位关系。如：
Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子，都在国外工作，他们每周都给她打电话来。
He has three daughters and three of ______ all graduated from BejingUniversity
A. them ; B whom; C whose ; D that
He has three daughter , three of _______all graduated fromBejingUniversity
A. them ; B whom; C whose ; D that
We’ve tested three hundred types of boots, none of which is completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子，没有一种是完全防水的。
2. of表示整体与部分的关系：即用于“部分+of+整体(which, whom)”结构。如：
He went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb. 他和一队人一起去了，其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students. 我遇到了摘水果的人们，其中有几个人是大学生。
3. of表示所属关系：即of用于构成所有格。如：
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我给忘了。
The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. 那幢屋顶被损坏的房子现在已经修好了。
4. of与其他的词构成固定搭配：即of与从句中的某个词语构成固定搭配。如：
He’s married to a singer of whom you may have heard. 他与一位歌唱家结了婚，你可能听说过这个人。(介词of与动词hear构成固定搭配，意为“听说”)
注意：介词of后面除接关系代词which, whom外，有时也可能是whose。如：
She had a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes were missing. 她有一个玩具熊，它的两只眼睛都丢了。
which特殊用法
大家都知道which引导定语从句时，在从句中主要作主语和宾语，若要作定语时，一般要用whose引导。
一般用法：
【which作主语】：Did you see the letter which came today? 你看到今天来的那封信了吗？
【which作宾语】：This is the book which I told you about. 这就是我跟你说过的那本书。
【whose作定语】：We looked at the tower whose spire was golden. 我们望着塔尖是金黄色的那座塔。(= We looked at the tower the spire of which was golden.)
典型题：The latest model of this lap-top, ______ appearance remains unchanged, works much faster than the old one. （潍坊市二轮验收）
A. though B. which C. of which D. whose
答案：D。考查非限制性定语从句。引导词在从句中作定语，因此选whose。
The latest model of this lap-top, whose appearance remains unchanged, works much faster than the old one.= The latest model of this lap-top, the appearance of which remains unchanged, works much faster than the old one.
【which特殊用法】1：
※但有时which也可作定语，这种情况很特殊，要特别关注。
I may have to go into hospital, in which case I won't be going on holiday.
我可能要住院，如果那样我就不去度假了。
She may have missed the train, in which case she won’t arrive for another hour.
她可能没有赶上火车，那样再过一个小时她也到不了。
Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.
汤姆读了四年大学，在此期间他学了法语。
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize.
我叫他叫错了名，我为此道歉。
典型题：She may have missed the train, ______ she won't arrive before 5 o'clock.
A. in that case B. in which case C. in case that D. in case which 答案：B。
【which特殊用法】2：※有时which引导定语从句，在从句中作表语。
Her sister has become a lawyer, ______she wanted to be.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
答案：D。本题考查which在定语从句中作表语的用法。（2005年高考湖北卷）考查定语从句与名词性从句。本题C项干扰最大。
※句中逗号前后是两个句子，这就要求填上一个词之后能使后边这个句子成为一个从句。根据句意，这是一个非限制性定语从句而不是名词性从句，因此C项what排除。若把题干改为：Her sister has become a lawyer. And that is she wanted to be.这时应选what。what可以引导名词性从句，但不能引导定语从句。
※关系代词which在这里引导非限定定语从句并在句中作表语，故选D。that则不能引导非限制性定语从句，排除B项。who可以引导非限制性定语从句，但先行词a lawyer在这里指的是一种职业，所以A项不对。
whose 与 of which 的区别
我们经常可以看到引导定语从句的关系代词 whose 与 of which 相互替代。那么是不
是在任何情况下二者都可以互相替换呢 ? 它们之间的区别是什么 ?
1 . 形式不同。如：
The house _______ windows face south is our reading - room .
A . of which B . whose C . which D . its
此题正确答案是B，不能选择A。选择 of which 时应在名词前加上定冠词 the，也就是说如果名词前有 the 就只能用 of which。如果名词前没有冠词，就用 whose。如上句题干改为：The house _______ the windows face south is our reading-room . 此题就只能选择答案A而不能选择B了。
2 . whose 即可以指人，又可以指物，而 of which 只能用来指物。如：
The boss in whose department looked down upon women .
The house whose roof was damaged now has been repaired .
上面第一句不可用 of which 来改写，第二句可以。可写成：The house of which the roof was damaged has now has been repaired .
3 . of which 除了可以表示所属关系外，还可以用来表示整体的关系，而 whose 则不能。
He borrowed a book of which the author was a peasant .
InBarcelonathe Chinese team got 16 gold medals , of which 12 were won by women .
第一句中的 of which 就可以用 whose 来代替。因为这个句子中 of 是用来表示所属关系。可改写成：He borrowed a book whose author was a peasant。而第二句中的 of which 就不要用 whose 来替。因为这个句子中的 of 不是表示所属关系，而是表示整体与部分的关系。
4 . 引导非限制性定语从句多用 whose，而很少用表示所属关系的介词 of 加上关系代词 which。如：
There is a mysterious lake at the foot the hill , whose depth has never been
measured . 山脚下有个神秘的湖，其深度从未测量过。
如介词 of 不表示所属关系，而是用来表示整体与部分的关系。此时就经常引导非限制性定语从句了。如；
There are 102 elements found in nature , of which most are metals .
The stories about the Long march , of which this is one example , are well written .